Skin lesions, nails, and hair

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37 Terms

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Macule

Flat, circumscribed color change on the skin, less than 1 cm.

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Papule

Elevated, solid lesion less than 1 cm.

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Patch

Flat, irregularly shaped macule greater than 1 cm.

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Plaque

Elevated, plateau-like lesion greater than 1 cm.

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Nodule

Elevated, firm lesion greater than 1 cm, deeper than a papule.

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Wheal

Transient, raised, erythematous lesion with irregular borders.

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Tumor

Large solid mass greater than 2 cm, typically neoplastic.

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Vesicle

Small fluid-filled elevated lesion less than 1 cm.

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Bulla

Large fluid-filled lesion greater than 1 cm.

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Cyst

Encapsulated lesion containing fluid or semi-solid material.

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Pustule

Raised lesion filled with pus, often due to bacterial infection.

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Crust

Dried exudate on the skin surface, which may include dried serum, blood, or pus.

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Scale

Flakes of dead skin resulting from excessive keratin shedding.

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Fissure

Linear crack or break in the skin, often due to dryness or trauma.

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Erosion

Loss of superficial epidermis, typically moist in appearance.

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Ulcer

Deeper loss of skin that can bleed or scar.

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Excoriation

Self-inflicted abrasion on the skin, often from scratching.

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Scar

Fibrous tissue replacing injured skin during healing.

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Atrophic Scar

Thinned, depressed scar resulting from collagen loss.

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Lichenification

Thickened, rough skin due to chronic rubbing.

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Keloid

Raised scar extending beyond the site of an injury due to excessive collagen formation.

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Herpes Zoster

Painful grouped vesicles along a nerve, caused by reactivation of varicella-zoster virus.

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Erythema Migrans

Expanding bull’s-eye rash associated with Lyme disease.

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Labial Herpes Simplex

Painful vesicles on lips caused by HSV-1 infection.

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Basal Cell Carcinoma

Pearly, translucent papule with telangiectasia associated with UV radiation.

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Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Scaly, erythematous patch or nodule often related to UV radiation.

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Malignant Melanoma

Asymmetric, irregular borders and color variation, associated with UV exposure.

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Toxic Alopecia

Sudden, diffuse hair loss due to chemotherapy or illness.

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Tinea Capitis

Scaly patches with hair loss, typically caused by a fungal infection.

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Traction Alopecia

Hair loss due to tension from hairstyles.

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Hirsutism

Excessive hair growth in females, often due to hormonal imbalances.

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Beau Lines

Transverse grooves or depressions in nails due to trauma or systemic disease.

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Splinter Hemorrhages

Thin, longitudinal red/brown lines in nails often due to trauma or endocarditis.

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Onychomycosis

Thickened, brittle, discolored nails resulting from fungal infections.

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Pitting

Small depressions in the nail surface, commonly associated with psoriasis.

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Late Clubbing

Bulbous enlargement of distal fingers due to chronic hypoxia.

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Habit-Tic Dystrophy

Central longitudinal groove in nails caused by habitual picking.