herbaceous plants - exam 2

describe a plant mix and how many species hsould be present

• plant mixes- mixtures of plants with specific percentages

• no more than 20-30 species, too much and too busy a planting

Describe the steps when designing a planting.

1. analyze site- soil, water, trees, buildings, hardscape, etc.

2. user analysis- uses, walking, viewing, access

3. combine into single plan

4. identify plant “Walls, ceilings, and floors”

5. choose the plants

Know the roles of designing for the ceiling, walls, and floor.

• celings- reprent the overhead elements that create shade or a sense of enclosure

• walls- refers to vertical elements/ structure

• floors- ground leel plantings that act as a foundation.

Elaborate on each step in the flow method for herbaceous plant design

Forces

Layers

Order

Wave

forces

• plant choice

• consider archetype (grassland, woodland, forest, edge)

• consider water requirements

• also soil, ph

• condider socianility

• plant structural type

Differentiate between the different plant types for forces

PLANT TYPES: anchors, matrix, satellites, free floaters

1. anchors- primary plants; strong structural elements » small trees, shrubs, tall perennials, grasses

   • typically small numbers and arranged using an S curve

2. matrix- functional lower layer in plantng that other species arise out of

   • typically grasses or groundcover species in large numbers

3. satellites- coalesce around anchor and set the theme or character of a planting

   • provide main visual interest via color, form or texture. plant in 3’s and 1 outlier

4. free floaters- ruderal species that fill holes and provide seed bank in case of disturbance

free floaters

ruderal species that fill holes and provide seed bank in case of distubrance

satellites

coalesce around anchor and set the theme or character of a planting

• provide main visual interest via color, form or texture. plant in 3’s and 1 outlier

matrix (definition)

functional lower layer in planting that other species arise out of

• typically grasses or groundcover species in large numbers

anchor (definition)

primary plants; strong structural elements » small trees, shrubs, tall perennials, grasses

• typically small numbers and arranged using an S curve

Describe Hogarth’s line of beauty and it’s role in planting design.

the S curve (hogarth’s line of beauty)

• sinuous line conveys flow and moves the eye through plants

know what should be considered for layers in herbacous plant design

• plant height

• sequence of flowers

• rule of 3- best to have up to 3 visually attractive plants

• taking advantage of time

• can have 20-30 species in an area

describe order and legibility

• legibility- the immediate ability to read order and organization in a planting

• external order- occur outside planting, often provide strong contrast to naturalistic design; lines do wonders

differentiate between the two types of order

• external order- occur outside planting, often provide strong contrast to naturalistic design; lines do wonders

• internal order- harmony, repetition, and color (more to come!)

explain how to use waves in planting design

• management (not maintenance!) of a planting over time

• accept that plantings are dynamic and will change

• keep diversity with succession and competition will rule

• stress is an asset

• diversity can increase weeds so managing matrix is important

Describe the different perspectives used when designing herbaceous plants

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what are the 3 dimensions of color

1. hue- pure olor, containing no white, black or gray

2. value- the color’s luminosity, or the light reflected back from it

   1. shades- contain more black so lower value

   2. tines- contains more white so higher value

3. saturation/ intensity- the brightness of a color

saturation/ intensity

the brightness of a color

tints

contain more white so higher value

shades

contain more black so lower value

value

the color’s luminosity, or the light reflected back from it

hue

poor color, containing no white, black or gray

monochromatic/ color echo

plants share the same hue, usually with similar value and intensity

analogous colors

colors NEXT TO each other on the color wheel

• ex) red and orange

complementary/ contrasting colors

colors that are opposite on the color wheel that provide high contrast

ex) purple and yellow

color warmth

term used to convey the emotions that colors evoke

warm colors

red, orange, yellow

• energizing, lively, etc

cool colors

blue, purple, peach, mauve

• soften a landscape, slow down

neutral colors

green, brown, white, black, gray/silber

• can be paired with either warm or cool

explain the different effects on color that values have

• light on subject increases the value

• shade on subject decreases the value

• contrast between light and shadow creates interest

describe how depth can be influenced by manipulating intensity

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explain how color can be influenced by other factors

1. lighting- natural vs arificial lights affect color tone and intensity

2. surrounding colors- adjacent blues can alter how colors are perceived (simultaneous contrast)

explain texture and describe ow to visualize it

texture (plant shapes)- refers to the surface quality of an object. to visualize, turn color photo into black and white

explain how texture is used in design and how to combine different textures

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naturalistic planting

man made assemblage of plants inspired by nature where species have similar habitat requirements and have compatible survival strategies

explain why naturalistic planting is increasing in use

1. increasing urbanization

2. loss of nature

3. greening of cities

4. environmental concerns

5. low management

elaborate on the 5 principles of mixed plantings

1. related populations, not isolated individuals

2. stress is an asset

3. cover the ground densely by layering plants

4. attractive and legible

5. management instead of maintenance

be able to differentiate, desrbe and draw the 3 methods of mixed planting design styles

1. randomized mix: plants appear randomly, usally seed based

   1. plants will then find where they like to grow

2. modular design: small design is repeated over an entire area

   1. can change plants as habitats shift

3. designed intermingling: every plant is purposefully placed in the deisgn, though it appears random

   1. plays off combining neighbors and for overall effect

designed intermingling

every plant is purposefully placed in design though it appears random

• plays of combining neighbors and for overall effect

modular design

small design is repeated over an entire area

• can change plants as habitats shift

randomized mix

plants appear randomly, usually seed based

• plants will then find where they like to grow

green infrastructure

ecological systems, that act as living infrastructure and help manage stormwater issues while creating social, economic, and environmental benefits

green roof

vegetated rooftops that are comprised of

1. waterproof membrane,

2. growing media, and

3. vegetation

describe green roof layers in order

1. roof

2. waterproof barrier

3. drainage

4. filtration

5. growing medium

6. vegetation

3 classifications of green roofs

1. extensive- thi layer of media (3-6in) and drought resistant herbaceous plants

2. semi intensive- deeper and herbaceuos

3. intensive- thicker layer of media (>6 in) and perennnials, shrubs, and even trees

benefits and problems that occur with greenroofs

benefits

• captures 50-90% of rainfall

• extends roof longevity from 10 to 0 years

• 10-4% decrease in energy use over winter

• ~60F cooler on green roofs than exposed roofs

• runoff may have less pollutants

problems

• high initial cost

• weight

  • extensive adds 15-50lbs/sq ft

  • intensive adds up to 150 lbs/sq ft

why green roof plant evaluation is important and why plants truggle in the south

• unique plants can survive in these conditions so think survival strategies

• C3 plants struggle in south due to high heat, drought, and light in summer

rain garden

shallow depression (bowl shaped) planted with vegetation that collects and slowly releases storm runoff from impervious surfaces and removes pollutants

• usually drains within 24-48 hrs

how a rain garden works for water and pollution management

• holding water on property allows it to slowly recharge the water table instead of running off

• pollution management

  • physical- stops pollutants

  • chemical- absorption & filtration

  • biological- microbial action (nitrification) & plant uptake

elaborate on benefits of rain gardens

1. aesthetically pleasing

2. environment for wildlife

3. control runoff

4. purify water

5. no mosquito breeding

6. reduces pollution

describe design aspects to consider when building a rain garden

1. choose an appropriate location (Where water runoff will occur)

2. even have multiple locations

3. 25’ from septic system

4. 50’ from well

know how rain gardens can fail

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