Information Systems Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards for reviewing key concepts from the Information Systems lecture notes.

Chapter 1 - Information Systems - Information System

Not only the technology that an organization uses, but also the way in which the organization interacts with the technology and the way in which the technology works with the organization’s processes.

Chapter 1 - Information Systems - People (in IS context)

End users who interact with the information system. They are critical to the system’s success because the goal is to help them work more effectively and productively.

Chapter 1 - Information Systems - Software

Programs or sets of instructions that control how hardware operates, processes data, and provides outputs.

Chapter 1 - Information Systems - Hardware

The physical devices like computers, servers, and networking equipment that run the software and store/process data.

Chapter 1 - Information Systems - Data

Raw, unorganized facts that the system gathers. When processed, this data turns into information, which is structured and meaningful, aiding decision-making.

Chapter 1 - Information Systems - Procedures

Established guidelines and instructions that define how users and systems interact to complete tasks, ensuring smooth operation.

Chapter 1 - Information Systems - Communication Networks

The systems that allow data and information to be transferred across various locations or departments, ensuring connectivity within the organization

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems - Computer

An electronic device that processes, stores, and retrieves data, transforming raw facts and figures into meaningful information through a combination of hardware and software.

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems - Input (Computer Operation)

Captures data from users or other sources.

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems - Processing (Computer Operation)

Converts input into output.

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems - Output (Computer Operation)

Displays or produces the results.

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems - Storage (Computer Operation)

Retains data, information, or instructions for future use.

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems - Control (Computer Operation)

Directs the sequence of all operations within the system.

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems - Information Literacy

The ability to identify, locate, evaluate, and use information effectively, requiring critical thinking to assess the reliability and relevance of various sources.

Chapter 2 - Computer Systems - Computer Literacy

The ability to operate computers and related technologies, including understanding software, hardware, and safe internet practices.

Chapter 3 - Hardware - Hardware

Refers to the physical components of a computer system that you can touch and see.

Chapter 3 - Hardware - Software

Refers to the collection of programs and instructions that tell the hardware what to do. It cannot be physically touched but is essential for the operation of a computer system.

Chapter 3 - Hardware - System Unit

The main body of a computer, typically housed in a case that contains most of the essential hardware components.

Chapter 3 - Hardware - Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Processes instructions and manages tasks, executing calculations and controlling other components.

Chapter 3 - Hardware - Motherboard

The main circuit board that serves as the backbone of the system unit. It connects the CPU, memory, storage devices, and other peripherals, allowing communication among all hardware components.

Chapter 3 - Hardware - Memory (RAM)

Random Access Memory; a type of temporary storage that holds data and instructions for quick access by the CPU. It is essential for multitasking and overall system performance.

Chapter 3 - Hardware - Storage Devices

Hardware like hard disk drives (HDD) and solid-state drives (SSD) that provide permanent data storage.

Chapter 3 - Hardware - Power Supply Unit (PSU)

Converts electrical power from an outlet into usable power for the internal components of the computer, ensuring that all parts receive the correct voltage and current.

Chapter 3 - Hardware - Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

A specialized processor that renders images and graphics, making it essential for gaming, video editing, and graphic design tasks.

Chapter 3 - Hardware - Input Devices

Tools such as keyboards, mice, and scanners that allow users to interact with the computer. These devices enable data entry and user commands.

Chapter 3 - Hardware - Output Devices

Components like monitors, printers, and speakers that display or output information from the computer, converting digital signals into visual or auditory formats.

Chapter 3 - Hardware - Cooling Systems

These components, including fans and heat sinks, help dissipate heat generated by the CPU and other hardware. Effective cooling is vital for maintaining optimal operating temperatures and preventing damage.

Chapter 3 - Hardware - Network Interface Card (NIC)

This hardware component enables the computer to connect to a network, facilitating communication with other devices and access to the internet.

Chapter 4 - Software - Computer Software

A collection of programs and instructions that enable a computer to perform specific tasks.

Chapter 4 - Software - Application Software

A Type of software designed to help users accomplish specific tasks on a computer, whether for personal, academic, or professional use.

Chapter 4 - Software - Programming Software

Software that includes compilers, debuggers, and integrated development environments (IDEs), is essential for developers in the process of creating, testing, and improving computer programs.

Chapter 4 - Software - Compiler

A tool that translates high-level programming code written by developers into machine code that a computer can understand and execute.

Chapter 4 - Software - Debuggers

Assist developers by detecting and diagnosing errors (known as bugs) in the code, providing insights that help correct these issues, ensuring the program runs smoothly.

Chapter 4 - Software - Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)

Provide developers with a complete environment where they can write, compile, and debug their code in one place, streamlining the development process.

Chapter 4 - Software - High-Level Languages

These are closer to human language and easier to read and write.

Chapter 4 - Software - Low-Level Languages

These are closer to machine code and offer more control over hardware.

Chapter 4 - Software - System Software

A type of computer software designed to manage and control the hardware components of a computer and provide a platform for other software to run. It acts as a bridge between hardware and user applications, ensuring the efficient operation of the system.

Chapter 4 - Software - Operating Systems (OS)

The most critical components of system software, responsible for managing hardware resources and providing an environment where applications can run.

Chapter 4 - Software - Device Drivers

Specialized programs that allow the operating system to communicate with hardware devices, such as printers, graphic cards, and network adapters, ensuring they work correctly with the computer.

Chapter 4 - Software - Utility Software

Programs that perform maintenance tasks or provide system management tools, such as antivirus software, disk cleanup tools, and file management utilities.

Chapter 5 - Operating Systems - Operating System (OS)

Essential software that manages computer hardware and software resources while providing services and an interface for users and applications. It acts as a bridge between the user and the hardware, enabling smooth execution of tasks and efficient use of system resources.

Chapter 5 - Operating Systems - Process Management

The OS manages processes, which are programs in execution, by handling process creation, scheduling, and termination. It ensures multiple processes can run simultaneously through multitasking.

Chapter 5 - Operating Systems - Memory Management

Controls and allocates memory to processes, ensuring optimal usage and preventing conflicts. The OS handles both physical and virtual memory, managing storage and swapping data between RAM and disk as needed.

Chapter 5 - Operating Systems - File System Management

The OS organizes, stores, retrieves, and manages files on storage devices. It provides directories and file handling services, ensuring users and applications can read/write files efficiently and securely.

Chapter 5 - Operating Systems - Device Management

The OS manages input/output devices like keyboards, printers, and storage drives through device drivers. It ensures smooth communication between hardware and software components.

Chapter 5 - Operating Systems - Security and Access Control

Enforces security by protecting data and resources through authentication (e.g., login systems) and access controls, preventing unauthorized access and protecting user privacy.

Chapter 5 - Operating Systems - User Interface (UI)

The OS provides a user interface, either graphical (GUI) or command-line (CLI), enabling users to interact with the system.

Chapter 5 - Operating Systems - Networking Operating System

Modern operating systems provide networking capabilities that enable communication between computers over a network, managing tasks such as IP address assignments, data transfer, and security protocols.

Chapter 5 - Operating Systems - Batch Operating Systems

These systems execute batches of jobs without user interaction during execution. Tasks are collected and processed one by one.

Chapter 5 - Operating Systems - Time-Sharing Operating Systems

Also known as multi-user OS, it allows multiple users to access the system simultaneously by giving each user a time slice.

Chapter 5 - Operating Systems - Distributed Operating Systems

This OS manages a group of independent computers and makes them appear as a single unified system. It allows resource sharing and parallel processing across the network.

Chapter 5 - Operating Systems - Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)

These systems process data in real time with minimal delays, ensuring timely task execution, critical in environments like embedded systems, industrial machines, and medical devices.

Chapter 5 - Operating Systems - Embedded Operating Systems

Designed to operate on embedded devices like ATMs, smartwatches, or IoT devices, they are optimized for specific hardware and perform limited functions.

Chapter 5 - Operating Systems - Mobile Operating Systems

These OS are designed specifically for smartphones, tablets, and other handheld devices, offering optimized performance and user interfaces for mobile use.

Chapter 5 - Operating Systems - Network Operating Systems

These systems manage network resources and provide functionalities like file sharing, communication, and security across networked computers.

Chapter 5 - Operating Systems - Multiprocessing Operating Systems

They use multiple processors to perform different tasks simultaneously, improving performance in complex, high-demand environments.

Chapter 6 - Devices - Applications

Crucial components of information systems, designed to facilitate specific tasks and enhance user experiences.

Chapter 6 - Devices - Input Devices

Enter data and instructions into a computer system.

Chapter 6 - Devices - Output Devices

Receive data from the computer and present it to the user.

Chapter 6 - Devices - Processing Devices

Perform calculations and execute instructions.

Chapter 6 - Devices - Storage Devices

Used to save data for future use, both temporarily (short-term) or permanently (long-term).

Chapter 6 - Devices - Cloud Storage

Enables users to store and access data remotely via the internet.

Chapter 6 - Devices - Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Often referred to as the "brain" of a computer, it is a crucial component responsible for executing instructions from programs, performing calculations, and managing data processing tasks.

Chapter 6 - Devices - Machine Cycle

Refers to the fundamental operational process that a CPU follows to execute instructions. It consists of a series of steps that enable the CPU to perform tasks efficiently.

Chapter 6 - Devices - Motion Input Devices

Capture user movements and gestures to control the computer.

Chapter 6 - Devices - Voice Input Devices

Enable users to interact with computers through spoken commands.

Chapter 6 - Devices - Video Input Devices

Capture video and images for processing by the computer.

Chapter 6 - Devices - Assistive Technology

These specialized input and output devices cater to individuals with disabilities, ensuring accessibility and usability.

Chapter 7 - Types of Computers - Personal Computers (PCs)

General-purpose computers designed for individual use.

Chapter 7 - Types of Computers - Mobile Game Computers

These are specialized devices optimized for gaming on the go. They often feature powerful processors, high-quality graphics, and dedicated gaming functionalities.

Chapter 7 - Types of Computers - Server Computers

Designed to manage network resources and provide various services.

Chapter 7 - Types of Computers - Smartphones

Multifunctional devices that combine communication, internet browsing, and application support.

Chapter 7 - Types of Computers - Internet Appliances

Devices designed for internet connectivity and smart functionalities.

Chapter 7 - Types of Computers - Supercomputers

High-performance systems specifically designed to perform highly complex calculations at exceptionally fast speeds.

Chapter 8 - Internet and WWW - Internet

A vast network connecting millions of devices, enabling access to the World Wide Web.

Chapter 8 - Internet and WWW - World Wide Web (WWW)

Represents a significant aspect of the Internet, functioning as a system of interlinked hypertext documents and multimedia content.

Chapter 8 - Internet and WWW - Web Browsing

The process of navigating the World Wide Web using a web browser, a software application designed to access and display web content.

Chapter 8 - Internet and WWW - Web Searching

Key function within information systems that allows users to find specific information online using search engines.

Chapter 8 - Internet and WWW - Online Social Networks

Platforms that allow users to create profiles, share content, and connect with others based on shared interests.

Chapter 9 - Security - Malware

Refers to harmful programs designed to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems.

Chapter 9 - Security - Viruses

Attach to legitimate files and spread through shared infected files, potentially corrupting or deleting data.

Chapter 9 - Security - Worms

Standalone malware that replicates itself across networks without attaching to other files, consuming bandwidth and exploiting vulnerabilities.

Chapter 9 - Security - Trojan Horses

Disguise themselves as legitimate software, tricking users into installation, and can create backdoors for unauthorized access.

Chapter 9 - Security - Ransomware

Encrypts files and demands ransom for restoration, posing significant risks to individuals and organizations.

Chapter 9 - Security - Spyware

Monitors user activities and collects sensitive information like passwords and browsing habits, compromising privacy.

Chapter 9 - Security - Adware

Displays unwanted advertisements and may track browsing habits, affecting system performance.

Chapter 9 - Security - Rootkits

Gain unauthorized control over systems while remaining hidden, modifying operating system functionality.

Chapter 9 - Security - Keyloggers

Record keystrokes to capture sensitive information, such as passwords and credit card numbers.

Chapter 9 - Security - Bots and Botnets

Automated programs for repetitive tasks; botnets consist of networks of infected devices used for attacks or spam.

Chapter 10 - Social Issues - Information Privacy

The right of individuals to manage access to their personal data and how it is collected, stored, and used.

Chapter 11 - Other - Communication Technologies

Refers to the various tools, systems, and platforms that enable the transmission of information between individuals, organizations, or devices.

Chapter 11 - Other - Software Licenses

Are vital in the information systems (IS) world, regulating how software is used, distributed, and modified.

Chapter 11 - Other - Chief Information Officer (CIO)

Executive in charge of the IS function.

Chapter 11 - Other - Digital Divide

The gap between people who have access to modern information and communications technologies, and those who have restricted access, limited access, or no access

Chapter 11 - Other - Telehealth

the distribution of health-related services and information via electronic information and telecommunications technologies.

Chapter 11 - Other - Telework

The practice of performing your job away from the office.

Chapter 12 - Business - Competitive Advantage

Any assets that give organizations an edge over competitors in areas like cost, quality, or speed, enabling them to dominate the market and achieve above-average profits.

Chapter 12 - Business - Business Process

Is an ongoing collection of related activities that create a product or a service of value to the organization, its business partners, and its customers.

Chapter 12 - Business - Efficiency

How well activities are executed, minimizing delays and waste.

Chapter 12 - Business - Effectiveness

How well the process creates valuable outputs for customers.