Ch. 23 Respiratory System Multiple Choice

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A

Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?

A) oropharynx

B) bronchioles

C) larynx

D) bronchi

E) alveoli

A

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the

A) upper respiratory tract.

B) lower respiratory tract.

C) lungs.

D) alveoli.

E) bronchioles.

C

Large airborne particles are filtered by

A) choanae.

B) the soft palate.

C) the respiratory defense system.

D) the nasal sinuses.

E) the nasopharynx.

A

Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following, except the

A) lips.

B) nose.

C) nasal cavity.

D) pharynx.

E) paranasal sinuses.

A

The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of

A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

B) moist cuboidal epithelium.

C) simple squamous epithelium.

D) ciliated squamous epithelium.

E) surfactant cells.

B

Which of the following systems is (are) responsible for gas exchange?

A) urinary

B) respiratory

C) digestive

D) all of the above

E) none of the above

B

The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli all make up the

A) upper respiratory tract.

B) lower respiratory tract.

C) internal respiratory tract.

D) alveoli of the respiratory tract.

E) respiratory mucosa.

D

A mucosa consists of

A) an epithelium.

B) an underlying layer of areolar tissue.

C) stratified squamous cells.

D) both an epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue.

E) both an underlying layer of areolar tissue and stratified squamous cells.

C

________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting individuals of Northern European descent.

A) MRSA

B) Congestive heart failure

C) Cystic fibrosis

D) Myasthenia gravis

E) Parkinson's disease

E

The respiratory defense system is important because it

A) helps filter the air.

B) helps warm the air.

C) keeps out debris.

D) keeps out pathogens.

E) all of the above

D

The conchae

A) divide the nasal cavity into a right and a left side.

B) provide an opening into the pharynx.

C) provide a surface for the sense of smell.

D) create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.

E) provide an opening to paranasal sinuses.

E

Functions of the nasal cavity include which of the following?

A) filtering the air

B) warming the air

C) humidifying the air

D) trapping airborne particles

E) all of the above

A

The openings to the nostrils are the

A) external nares.

B) internal nares.

C) vestibules.

D) conchae.

E) nasal apertures.

B

The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the

A) nasopharynx.

B) vestibule.

C) internal chamber.

D) conchae.

E) nasal septum.

D

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

A) larynx.

B) glottis.

C) vestibule.

D) pharynx.

E) trachea.

A

The auditory tubes open into the

A) nasopharynx.

B) oropharynx.

C) laryngopharynx.

D) larynx.

E) nasal cavity.

B

The palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the

A) nasopharynx.

B) oropharynx.

C) laryngopharynx.

D) larynx.

E) nasal cavity.

C

The ________ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

A) nasopharynx

B) trachea

C) oropharynx

D) larynx

E) nasal cavity

A

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the

A) hard palate.

B) soft palate.

C) cribriform plate.

D) internal nares.

E) pharyngeal septum.

B

The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the

A) hard palate.

B) soft palate.

C) cribriform plate.

D) internal nares.

E) pharyngeal septum.

E

The nasal cavities are divided from one another by the

A) hard palate.

B) soft palate.

C) cribriform plate.

D) internal nares.

E) nasal septum.

E

________ generally causes a rapid increase in the rate of mucus production in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

A) Exposure to noxious stimuli

B) Exposure to unpleasant stimuli

C) Exposure to allergens

D) Exposure to debris or pathogens

E) all of the above

E

Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth is advantageous because

A) air is warmed on inhalation.

B) air is humidified on inhalation.

C) heat loss is reduced on exhalation.

D) water loss is reduced on exhalation.

E) all of the above

C

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because

A) there is less resistance to flow.

B) it combines olfaction with respiration.

C) it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.

D) bacteria won't be inhaled from the oral cavity.

E) it dries out the mouth.

C

Which of the following is not a function of the nasal mucosa?

A) humidify the incoming air

B) dehumidify the outgoing air

C) dehumidify the incoming air

D) trap particulate matter

E) cool outgoing air

B

The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the

A) nasopharynx.

B) oropharynx.

C) laryngopharynx.

D) aeropharynx.

E) internal pharynx.

A

Which of the following is not true about the pharynx?

A) shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems

B) nasopharynx is superior

C) oropharynx connects to oral cavity

D) laryngopharynx ends at esophagus opening

E) solids, liquids, and gases pass through

D

The larynx contains ________ cartilages.

A) three unpaired

B) three paired

C) a total of nine

D) all of the above

E) none of the above

C

The glottis is

A) the soft tissue that hangs off the end of the soft palate.

B) a flap of elastic cartilage.

C) the opening to the larynx.

D) the opening to the pharynx.

E) part of the hard palate.

C

The vocal folds are located within the

A) nasopharynx.

B) oropharynx.

C) larynx.

D) trachea.

E) bronchi.

E

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the

A) thyroid cartilage.

B) cricoid cartilage.

C) corniculate cartilage.

D) cuneiform cartilage.

E) epiglottis.

A

The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.

A) thyroid

B) cricoid

C) cuneiform

D) arytenoid

E) epiglottic

D

The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.

A) epiglottis

B) cuneiform

C) corniculate

D) cricoid

E) arytenoid

E

The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage are the ________ cartilages.

A) cricothyroid

B) innominate

C) cuneiform

D) corniculate

E) arytenoid

D

A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are the

A) intrinsic ligaments.

B) extrinsic ligaments.

C) ventricular folds.

D) vocal folds.

E) intrinsic laryngeal muscles.

C

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces

A) speech.

B) articulation.

C) phonation.

D) whistling.

E) ululation.

D

Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the

A) movement of the arytenoid cartilages.

B) extrinsic ligaments.

C) contraction of laryngeal muscles.

D) movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of laryngeal muscles.

E) none of the above

D

The laryngeal cartilage composed of elastic cartilage that prevents entry of solids or liquids into the laryngopharynx when swallowing is the

A) arytenoid.

B) corniculate.

C) cricoid.

D) epiglottis.

E) thyroid.

D

Contraction of the laryngeal muscles can

A) move the arytenoid cartilages.

B) close the glottis.

C) stretch the vocal folds.

D) all of the above

E) none of the above

D

During swallowing, the

A) solids and liquids are forced into the esophagus.

B) larynx is elevated.

C) epiglottis folds back over the glottis.

D) all of the above

E

Which of the following statements about the trachea is false?

A) is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

B) is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages

C) contains many mucous glands

D) alters its diameter in response to the autonomic nervous system

E) is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages

A

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the

A) trachea.

B) bronchiole.

C) laryngopharynx.

D) alveolar duct.

E) bronchus.

B

Secondary bronchi supply air to the

A) lungs.

B) lobes of the lungs.

C) lobules of the lungs.

D) alveoli.

E) alveolar ducts.

D

What branches from the trachea?

A) terminal bronchioles

B) secondary bronchi

C) tertiary bronchi

D) primary bronchi

E) alveolar ducts

E

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from

A) inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus.

B) laryngospasm.

C) production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport.

D) all of the above

E) inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport only.

C

The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages.

A) 1.0 cm; 15-20

B) 1.0 cm; 10-15

C) 2.5 cm; 15-20

D) 2.5 cm; 40-50

E) none of the above

D

Which of these descriptions best matches the term bronchiolar smooth muscle?

A) accessory muscle of expiration

B) accessory muscle of inspiration

C) primary muscle of inspiration

D) contraction increases airway resistance

E) affects lung compliance

A

The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because

A) large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing.

B) large masses of air can pass through the trachea.

C) it facilitates turning of the head.

D) all of the above

E) none of the above

A

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.

A) right primary

B) left primary

C) right secondary

D) left secondary

E) None of the above are more likely.

A

Primary bronchi are to ________ as secondary bronchi are to ________.

A) extrapulmonary bronchi; intrapulmonary bronchi

B) intrapulmonary bronchi; extrapulmonary bronchi

A

The right lung is to ________ as the left lung is to ________.

A) three lobes; two lobes

B) two lobes; two lobes

C) two lobes; three lobes

D) three lobes; three lobes

E) none of the above

B

The most superior portion of the lung is termed the

A) base.

B) apex.

C) cardiac notch.

D) hilus.

E) epipleurium.

A

Which is greater?

A) the number of lobes in the right lung

B) the number of lobes in the left lung

C) Neither; the number of lobes is usually equal.

B

Which respiratory organ has a cardiac notch?

A) right lung

B) left lung

C) right primary bronchus

D) left primary bronchus

E) both left lung and left primary bronchus

A

The following is a list of some airways.

1. secondary bronchus

2. bronchioles

3. alveolar ducts

4. primary bronchus

5. respiratory bronchiole

6. alveoli

7. terminal bronchiole

The order in which air passes through is

A) 4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6.

B) 4, 1, 2, 5, 7, 3, 6.

C) 1, 4, 2, 5, 7, 3, 6.

D) 1, 4, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6.

E) 2, 4, 1, 7, 5, 3, 6.

B

The interlobular septa divide the lungs into

A) lobes.

B) pulmonary lobules.

C) alveolar sacs.

D) vital capacity and residual volume.

E) visceral pleura and fibrous trabeculae.

D

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are

A) bronchioles.

B) terminal bronchioles.

C) pleural spaces.

D) alveoli.

E) interlobular septa.

C

The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of

A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

B) moist cuboidal epithelium.

C) simple squamous epithelium.

D) ciliated squamous epithelium.

E) surfactant cells.

E

Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in

A) a loss of surfactant.

B) a decreased rate of gas exchange.

C) increased surface tension in the alveoli.

D) increased tendency to alveolar collapse.

E) all of the above

B

Collectively, the layers through which the respiratory gases diffuse are known as the

A) pulmonary-basement membrane.

B) alveolar-capillary membrane.

C) pleural-basement membrane.

D) macrophages-basement membrane.

E) Type I epithelium.

C

Boyle's law states that gas volume is

A) directly proportional to pressure.

B) directly proportional to temperature.

C) inversely proportional to pressure.

D) inversely proportional to temperature.

E) both directly proportional to pressure and directly proportional to temperature

A

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the

A) movement of air into and out of the lungs.

B) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.

C) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space.

D) movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells.

E) utilization of oxygen.

C

The function of pulmonary ventilation is to

A) remove carbon dioxide from the blood.

B) supply oxygen to the blood.

C) maintain adequate alveolar ventilation.

D) remove air from dead air space.

E) prevent gas exchange in the bronchioles.

B

The unit of measurement for pressure preferred by many respiratory therapists is

A) mm Hg.

B) torr.

C) cm H2O.

D) all of the above

E) none of the above

A

Which of the following is greater?

A) the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air

B) the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli

E

Boyle's Law of Gases states that

A) the pressure and volume of a gas are equal.

B) as the temperature goes up, the pressure goes up.

C) the total gas pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures.

D) the concentration of dissolved gas is proportional to its partial pressure.

E) if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down.

B

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere.

B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere.

D) greater than intraalveolar pressure.

E) less than intrapulmonic pressure.

A

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that

A) they are equal.

B) intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric.

C) atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary.

D) atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary.

E) intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric.

E

Which of the following muscles might be recruited to increase inspired volume?

A) sternocleidomastoid

B) pectoralis minor

C) scalenes

D) serratus anterior

E) all of the above

C

Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle(s).

A) scalene

B) diaphragm

C) internal intercostal

D) external intercostal

E) serratus anterior

A

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

A) the volume of the thorax increases.

B) the volume of the thorax decreases.

C) the volume of the lungs decreases.

D) the lungs shrink.

E) expiration occurs.

C

Which of these descriptions best matches the term external intercostal?

A) accessory muscle of expiration

B) accessory muscle of inspiration

C) primary muscle of inspiration

D) contraction increases airway resistance

E) affects lung compliance

D

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.

A) Residual volume

B) Expiratory reserve volume

C) Inspiratory reserve volume

D) Tidal volume

E) Inspiratory capacity

C

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

A) Residual inhaled volume

B) Expiratory reserve volume

C) Inspiratory reserve volume

D) Enhanced tidal volume

E) Inspiratory capacity

C

In quiet breathing,

A) inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions.

B) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions.

C) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.

D) inspiration and expiration are both passive.

E) none of the above

E

If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's

A) tidal volume.

B) inspiratory reserve volume.

C) expiratory reserve volume.

D) reserve volume.

E) vital capacity.

B

Alveolar ventilation refers to the

A) movement of air into and out of the lungs.

B) amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute.

C) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.

D) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli.

E) utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism.

A

Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will

A) decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.

B) decrease the rate of oxygen diffusion from the alveoli to the blood.

C) increase the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.

D) decrease the rate of carbon dioxide diffusion from the blood to the alveoli.

E) hardly affect either the partial pressure or diffusion of gases.

D

________ equals the respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space).

A) Vital capacity

B) Respiratory minute volume

C) Pulmonary ventilation rate

D) Alveolar ventilation rate

E) External respiration rate

A

Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?

A) respiratory minute volume

B) inspiratory reserve volume

C) expiratory reserve volume

D) anatomical dead space

E) forced vital capacity

C

Henry's law states that

A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional.

B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.

C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.

D) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

E) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.

D

Dalton's law states that

A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional.

B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.

C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.

D) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

E) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.

E

The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately

A) 40 mm Hg.

B) 45 mm Hg.

C) 50 mm Hg.

D) 70 mm Hg.

E) 95 mm Hg.

B

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately

A) 40 mm Hg.

B) 45 mm Hg.

C) 50 mm Hg.

D) 70 mm Hg.

E) 100 mm Hg.

A

The partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately

A) 40 mm Hg.

B) 45 mm Hg.

C) 50 mm Hg.

D) 70 mm Hg.

E) 100 mm Hg.

B

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately

A) 35 mm Hg.

B) 45 mm Hg.

C) 55 mm Hg.

D) 70 mm Hg.

E) 100 mm Hg.

C

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is

A) pulmonary ventilation.

B) external respiration.

C) internal respiration.

D) cellular respiration.

E) breathing.

A

Which of the following is greatest?

A) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood

B) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in alveolar air

C) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in expired air

D) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in inspired air

E) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

D

Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration, except the

A) PO2 of the alveoli.

B) PCO2 of the blood.

C) thickness of the respiratory membrane.

D) diameter of an alveolus.

E) solubility of oxygen in plasma.

B

External respiration involves the

A) movement of air into and out of the lungs.

B) diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.

C) exchange of dissolved gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid.

D) binding of oxygen by hemoglobin.

E) utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism.

E

Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen. To get the same amount of oxygen to dissolve in plasma as carbon dioxide, you would have to

A) increase the temperature of the plasma.

B) increase the partial pressure of oxygen.

C) decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

D) increase the rate of plasma flow through the lungs.

E) either increase the partial pressure of oxygen or decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

E

At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen.

A) 10

B) 25

C) 50

D) 75

E) more than 90

B

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

A) dissolved in plasma.

B) bound to hemoglobin.

C) in ionic form as solute in the plasma.

D) bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide.

E) carried by white blood cells.

B

Each 100 ml of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ ml of oxygen.

A) 10

B) 20

C) 30

D) 50

E) 75

C

Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ________ of its oxygen content when it leaves the lungs.

A) 25 percent

B) 50 percent

C) 75 percent

D) 90 percent

E) 100 percent

A

Which of the following would be greater?

A) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6

B) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2

C) Neither is greater.

A

Which of the following would be greater?

A) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade

B) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade

C) Neither is greater.

B

Which of the following would be greater?

A) hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high

B) hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low

C) Neither is greater.

B

Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of

A) external respiration.

B) internal respiration.

C) carbon dioxide transport.

D) hemoglobin synthesis.

E) acid-base balance.

B

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?

A) decreased temperature

B) decreased pH

C) increased tissue PO2

D) decreased amounts of DPG

E) none of the above