Geography Economic Activity and Energy

How is employment classified

What does primary employment mean and examples

Extraction of raw materials to be used directly or supplied to other industries

eg. farming, fishing, forestry, mining

Why does primary employment take place where it does

These jobs happen where the raw material is or where the land and climate are appropriate for growing/rearing the crop of livestock

Characteristics of primary employment

- hard and physical work

- in the past, required a lot of human power

- now these jobs are often done with machinery - this shift is known as mechanisation

What does secondary employment mean and examples

Turns raw materials into manufactured products

eg. car manufacturing / building / assembling

Why does secondary employment take place where it does

Energy - often needed in manufacture of goods

Transport - roads, rivers, rail offers way or businesses to move inputs + finished products

Government policy - British gov. to give money to companies (Nissan) to locate in depressed areas (Sunderland)

Markets - fragile goods need to be produced close to their markets, bulky goods must also be close because of transport cost

Raw materials - it heavy (coal, iron ore), factory needs to be close to raw materials

Labour - skill level of cost of workers is important

Capital - businesses need money in order to get started

Land - for secondary industry large areas of flat cheap land often needed + room to expand

Characteristics of secondary employment

- Industrial Revolution responsible for establishing this sector

- now products are made from raw materials sources all over the world and can be assembled in one country

- can be considered a problematic sector due to pollution levels

What is deindustrialisation

The decline of a country's traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets and competition from NEEs

What does tertiary employment mean and examples

Part of the economy that provides services to people (service sector)

eg. teachers, doctors, retail

Why does tertiary employment take place where it does

Accessible:

- The CBD is the most accessible part of the city by public transport

- eg. main train lines into London terminate in Zone 1 (Charing Cross)

Market:

This makes this area ideal for commerce. Workers and shoppers can reach CBD easily so shops can get customers and offices get wide choice of employees

Labour:

Plenty of workers nearby

Characteristics of tertiary employment

- 'final stage' in the production process and the traditional three-sector model

- biggest sector that shows the most growth. Accounts for 83% of jobs in UK

- workers can be unskilled (eg. retail) or skilled (doctors)

- service that most people interact with in their day to day life

What does quaternary employment mean and examples

'Knowledge sector' - involves research and development

eg. IT, research, creative tech

Why does quaternary employment take place where it does

These jobs must have a highly skilled set of employees and excellent connections to the Internet as they need the latest research to be available to them

Characteristics of quaternary employment

- in the UK over 10-15% of people form this part of this sector

- this sector is growing due to more people being educated and furthering their study

- a large part of this sector is concerned with new medicines, heatlh treatments and new ways to store, manage and use data

How does the economic structure of a country change at different levels of development and why?

As a country's economy develops, it becomes more advanced, and increases productivity (people work in sectors that pay more)

- people move from low paid primary to higher paid secondary

- once they earn. a regular income in secondary, they need tertiary services like banking, insurance

- tertiary pays even more than secondary. A wealthy society sends lot of people to university, and the quaternary sector is booming in very advanced economies with good universities

Pre-industrial: primary leads

Industrial: secondary peaks

Post-industrial: tertiary peaks, quaternary appears

What does Clark-Fisher model show? What causes growth or decline in the model? UK vs China

The Clark-Fisher model shows use how each country goes through a sectoral shift, as it develops:

Primary: countries start off with most of their people and most of their money coming from farming, fishing or mining

Secondary: countries then develop a manufacturing industry and mechanisation means fewer people required to farm

Tertiary: wealth created by manufacturing industry leads to rise in banks, insurance and retail

Quaternary: countries with good universities and science/creative industries lead to research/development industry

Advantages and disadvantages of economic shift that takes place in a country (HIC + LIC)

SHIFT A (LIC - pre-industrialisation -> industrialisation)

A:

- infrastructure and education gets better (more people grouping together)

- manufactured good bring more money than raw materials

- less hard labour due to mechanisation

D:

- larger inequality between urban / rural areas

- more CO2 produced -> climate change

- heavy industry -> air, land, water pollution

- migration to cities -> traffic, congestion, slums

SHIFT B (HIC - de-industrialisation -> services)

A:

- people have stable income to spend

- better paid office jobs (easy)

- cities can be rebranded since factories removed

- less pollution from factories

- globalisation (goods accessible quickly/cheaply)

- wealth brought by UK's services bought/sold globally

- foreign investment in UK (apple)

D:

- industrial towns in North suffered

- de-industrialisation (workers redundant)

- gov spend money on training workers

- large urban areas turned to derelict land

- dependent on other countries for imports

Factors for affecting the location of economic activity in each economic sector and how they change over time

- raw materials

- good transport

- cheap land

- amenities

- employees

- infrastructure

- customers

Decentralisation (moving out of CBD to urban fringe) - a feature in cities in past 25 years

Reasons for changes in the number of people employed in each sector

Raw materials: source of raw materials often exhausted, causing industry to relocate

New technology (mechanisation): reduced demand for labour and created new jobs in industries (biotech)

Globalisation: interconnected world, more jobs dispersed around world (tourism in Cyprus), affected distribution of employment from place / sector

Government: encourage investment, tax breaks, improve infrastructure (Sunderland)

Demographic / social change: rising population = rising demand for goods / services, more workers for growth

What is informal employment? Where does it take place?

Employment that is unofficial and unregulated. Often occurs in developing countries / cities (Mumbai)

What causes informal employment?

In developing countries, large numbers of people are moving to cities (rural-urban migration) where there are more job opportunities and higher wages (higher economic development)

The increase in working-age people in cities means that there is a labour surplus, demand > supply. This causes underemployment and unemployment

To avoid poverty, people turn to informal employment

Advantages and disadvantages of informal employment

A:

- people can support themselves economically

- avoid paying taxes

- flexible and easy work

- provided with range of cheap goods / services

D:

- no job security -> no job contract

- no employee benefits (health insurance)

- don't contribute to economy (taxes)

- harsh conditions on street, hot climate

Relationships between population and resources (Malthus + Boserup)

Malthus (1789)

- pessimistic

- exponential population growth will exceed the food supply, not enough food -> famine

Boserup (1965)

- optimistic

- increase in population will stimulate improvement in food production, developments in technology solve problems

Definition of under-population, over-population and optimum population

Under-population: resources exceed population numbers

Over-population: population exceeds resources (unsustainable)

Optimum population: population and resources are balanced

Definition of energy security, energy insecurity and energy gap

Energy security: ability to access energy in a reliable and affordable manner

Energy insecurity: low reserves and low ability to produce energy for citizens

Energy gap: difference between supply and demand of energy

Problems of energy insecurity

Economic:

- countries without access to their own reserves of fossil fuels end up paying more for fuel

- imported fossil fuels are expensive, which can make prices fluctuate greatly for consumers

Social:

- lead to poverty: lack of access to adequate education / healthcare / employment

- conflict: countries become dependent on energy resources from other countries. This gives power to energy-exporting countries who may exploit energy-importing countries. In war, country can get cut off from its supply

Environmental:

- importing of fossil fuels can lead to lots of pollution as oil tankers + coal carriers are heavy ships

How do countries ensure energy security

- diversifying energy source (eg. gas, wind, HEP, nuclear)

- reduce demand for energy (eg smart meters)

- encourage self-sufficiency

Why does energy demand vary between people and countries

Population

- energy consumption is highest in developed countries + countries with high populations

Wealth

- in Canada, USA, consumption per head is double that of Europe + 800 times of developing countries

- ownership of more appliances that require energy to run

Technology

- high concentration of industry, high levels of car ownership and high domestic usage from homes filled with appliances

Why does energy production vary between countries

Population

- the greater the population the more people in the labour force who can work in jobs on mines, power plants

Technology

- as we advance technology, we can make new energy resources available (solar)

- improve efficiency of current energy producing technologies (fracking for oil)

Wealth

- wealthier countries can afford to produce and exploit natural resources for energy

Why does energy demand increase in countries

Most growth in energy demand is from developing countries

Population growth

- more people using energy and demanding goods which are produced using energy

Economic development

- as countries and individuals become richer, they use more energy on cars and appliances

Industrialisation

- industrial stage of Clark-Fisher model, there's a growth in secondary industry (uses more energy than primary)

Definitions of renewable energy, non-renewable energy and fossil fuel

Renewable energy: will not run out + non-polluting

Non-renewable energy: sources are finite + cannot be replaced

Fossil fuels: coal, oil, gas. They are the decaying remains of animals and plants

Advantages and disadvantages of non-renewable resources

A:

- provides jobs

- efficient

- huge supply

- convenient / easy to transport

D:

- greenhouse gases

- finite source (non-renewable)

- air / water pollution

- radioactive waste / accidents (nuclear)

Advantages and disadvantages of renewable resources

A:

- renewable

- abundant (solar / wind)

- clean / no greenhouse gas

- no pollution

- creates jobs

D:

- expensive

- weather dependent

- affects environment (habitat loss / deforestation)

- location restricted

Definitions of energy consumption, energy conservation and energy efficiency

Energy consumption: how much energy is used to provide products + services

Energy conservation: reducing energy consumption through using less unnecessary energy

Energy efficiency: process of reducing the amount of energy required to complete a task

How can education, efficiency and conservation reduce demand for energy

Education raises awareness about energy saving practices

Efficiency improves the use of technology to use less energy to perform a task

Conservation focuses on reducing unnecessary wastage of energy, such as through lifestyle changes

How can transport, industry and the home be designed to reduce energy use

Transport

- reduce number of airplane journeys (esp. short haul)

- smaller, more energy-efficient cars or hybrid / electric

- car-sharing and public transport

Industry

- recycling and reusing plastics + oil-based products

- avoid heating unused spaces (corridors, storerooms)

- no more than 19 degrees

Home

- insulating roofs, blocking draughts, double-glazing windows, energy-efficient heating

- solar panels / switching green electricity supplier

- smart meters

What is China's energy management plan

- President pledged coal use will peak in 2025 and fall in 2026

- in a year, China installed more solar plants than it had in previous 3 years combined + more than rest of the world

- on track to reach 1200 GW of installed wind + solar capacity by end of 2024

- increasing nuclear power capacity (now only behind France + USA)

What is UK's energy management plan

- UK government goal to fully decarbonise the UK electricity consumption by 2030

- commitment to double onshore wind and quadruple offshore wind capacity by 2030

- target to increase solar power capacity by 400% by 2035

- programs like Great British Insulation Scheme aim to make homes more energy-efficient