Intellectual Revolutions and Philippine Science History

Vocabulary-based flashcards detailing the definitions of science, key contributors of the Scientific Revolution, and the historical milestones of science and technology in the Philippines.

Science as an Idea

Includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic explanations and observable facts about the natural and physical world.

Science as an Intellectual Activity

Encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world involving systematic observation and experimentation.

Science as a Body of Knowledge

A subject, discipline, or field of study that deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical world.

Science as a Personal and Social Activity

Knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop a better understanding of the world, interwoven with people's lives.

Scientific Revoution

Started in the early $16^{th}-18^{th}$ century in Europe; a period of enlightenment and a golden age that led to new research fields and a strong foundation for science.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Proposed the Heliocentric Theory and published the book 'The Revolution of Celestial Bodies'.

Charles Darwin

Known as the Father of Evolution; proposed the theory of evolultion by natural selection and published 'Origin of species'.

Sigmund Freud

Known as the Father of Psychology; proposed the theories of Psychoanalysis and Psychosexual.

Johannes Kepler

Established Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion, describing a planet’s orbit as elliptical and defining its travel speed and time for one revolution around the Sun.

Galileo Galilei

Formulated the Law of Motion (concept of Inertia) and validated the Copernican system using his own telescope to observe sunspots and the phases of Venus.

Hans Lippershey

Credited with the invention of the telescope in $1608$, described as 'seeing faraway things as though nearby'.

Tycho Brahe

First to describe the $1572$ Supernova, published positions of $777$ stars, and determined the distance of the $1577$ comet using parallax.

John Ray

The first to use species as the fundamental unit of classification.

Carolus Linnaeus

Known as the Father of Modern Taxonomy; created the Binomial System of Nomenclature.

Andreas Vesalius

The Father of Modern Anatomy who published 'Structure of the Human Body', featuring the first accurate illustrations of internal human anatomy.

William Harvey

The first to recognize the full circulation of the blood in the human body.

Marcello Malpighi

Scientist who contributed to the understanding of the functions of capillaries.

Blaise Pascal

Discovered the Pascaline, the first mechanical calculator that utilized gears.

Evangelista Torricelli

Invented the first barometer using mercury, which led to the production of the first vacuum known to science.

Isaac Newton

Formulated the universal laws of motion and gravitation, and investigated the nature of white light.

César-François Cassini

Conducted the first national geographic survey, resulting in the first map produced according to modern principles.

James Watt

Developed steam engines in $1765$, which were central to the Industrial Revolution.

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

The first to propose a Theory of Evolution which he specifically called Transformation.

Alan Turing

Developed the Turing Machine, which served as the basis for the first computer to identify intelligence.

Zacharias Janssen

Credited with making one of the earliest compound microscopes around the year $1600$.

Robert Hooke

Discovered the plant cell and published 'Micrographia' in $1665$.

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

$1632-1723$; known as the Father of microscopy; discovered protists and bacteria, which he called 'animacules'.

Edward Jenner

Introduced the cowpox vaccination for smallpox in $1798$.

Louis Pasteur

Scientist who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation in $1861$.

Alexander Fleming

Discovered penicillin through serendipity in $1929$.

James Watson and Francis Crick

Discovered the molecular structure of DNA in $1953$.

Alessandro Volta

Created the first electric cell in $1800$.

Graham Bell

Made the first telephone call in $1876$, demonstrating the ability to 'talk with electricity'.

Thomas Edison

Developed an incandescent bulb in $1879$ that burned long enough to provide home lighting.

Pesticide dichlorodiphenyltricholoethane

Commonly known as DDT; invented in the $1940\text{s}$.

Caracao and Balangay

Shipbuilding technologies developed by prehistoric Filipinos by $100$ AD.

Baybayin

The prehistoric writing system used by Filipinos for communication.

Fr. Federico Faura

A Jesuit from the Manila Observatory who issued the first public typhoon warning during the Spanish Colonial Period.

Science Act of 1958

Passed under President Carlos Garcia; established the National Science Development Board (NSDB).

Presidential Decree No. 78 s. 1972

A mandate by President Marcos that established the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services (PAG-ASA).

Science and Technology Master Plan (STMP)

A plan ($1991-2000$) crafted during Corazon Aquino's term aiming for the Philippines to become a Newly Industrialized Country.

Filipinnovation

A term coined during the term of Gloria M. Arroyo to highlight the Golden Age of Philippine Science and Technology.

Abelardo Aguilar

Scientific researcher credited with the discovery of erythromycin.

Gregorio Zara

Inventor recognized for the creation of the videophone.

Diosdado Banatao

Invented the single-chip graphical use interface for the internet.

Fe Del Mundo

Filipino scientist who invented the incubator.

BALIK SCIENTIST LAW

Also known as RA $11035$ of $2018$; enacted during the term of Pres. Rodrigo Duterte.

PHILIPPINE SPACE ACT

Also known as RA $11363$ of $2019$; enacted during the term of Pres. Rodrigo Duterte.