AP World History: Unit 1

Cosmic forces, Mandate of Heaven

cosmic forces:

• yin & yang (explain nature’s patterns, animate the world)

• heaven (tian)

Mandate of Heaven

• divine right

• est. by Zhou dynasty to justify Shang dynasty fall

Song dynasty (900-1279)

• economic powerhouse

• ruling elite were classist

• military ineffective against Turks and Mongols

• bureaucracy & ruling elite resistant to change

Zhu Xi and neo-Confucianism

neo-Confucianism: Confucianism w/ Buddhist & Daoist influence

• Xi: “ren of the emperor + bureaucracy = MoH”

• the interpretation of Confucius in China until contemporary period

• initially rejected by dynastic powers, later embraced

Sui Dynasty (581-618)

Grand Canal

• facilitated trade & transport btwn N. and S. China

• → political, cultural, economic unity

Loss of the Mandate of Heaven

• corvee labor, high taxes, failed military expeditions → revolts

More

• emphasis on strong, centralized government

Tang Dynasty (618-907): Overview

• biggest contributor to Tang success: Tang Taizong

• capital: Chang’an

• extensive communications network

Tang Dynasty: Equal-field system, Bureaucracy of Merit

Equal-field system

• allocation of farm land based on one’s ability to govern the land

• corruption by the 8th century

Bureaucracy of Merit

• allowed non-elite to hold high ranks

• lasted until the 20th century

Tang Dynasty: Foreign policy

Military expansion

• Manchuria, Silla Kingdom, North Vietnam, (part) of Tibet, Central Asia (up to the Aral Sea)

Foreign policy

• Chinese imperial tribute system (est by Tang Taizong)

Tang dynasty: decline

An Lushan rebellion

• led by An Lushan

• took Chang’an and Luoyang

• critically weakened the Tang Dynasty

Uighur conquest

• sacked Chang’an and Luoyang

• Tang dynasty never completely recovered; ended 907

Agriculture in Tang and Song dynasty

• Champa rice (fast-ripening)

• cultivation: iron plows, oxen, water buffalo

• fertilization: manure, compost

• irrigation systems, terrace farming, pumps, waterwheels

Effects of improved agriculture

1. Increased pop growth

2. Urbanization (China: most urbanized at the time)

3. Development of culture and traditions

4. Commercialized agriculture

Footbinding and Wu Zetian

Footbinding

• → women couldn’t walk easily

• used to enforce patriarchal beauty standard on women and maintain control

Wu Zetian

• only (widely-recognized) legitimate Chinese empress

Industrial development in Tang and Song dynasties

• Porcelain

• Metallurgy (→ weaponry)

• Gunpowder

• Printing

• Naval technology (compass)

Paper money

• Due to China’s rapid economic expansion, there was a shortage in copper coins, so merchants invented “flying cash.”

• The government introduced it in the 11th century.

Problems with paper money

• susceptible to counterfeits

• loss in value → loss in public confidence

• overall: powerful stimulus to economy

Buddhism on Tang society

1. Monasteries and shrines

   important in local economies and Chinese culture

2. Buddhism morality

   often clashed with Confucianism and Chinese traditions

3. New schools of Buddhism

   Chan Buddhism, Pure Land Buddhism

4. Hostility and Tang persecution

   Daoist and Confucian criticism → Tang persecution; survived via popular support

Tang Dynasty on Korea, Vietnam, Japan

Silla Kingdom

• via tributary system; diffusion of Chan Buddhism (commoners) and Confucianism (4 elites)

Nam Viet

• Tang invasion → Vietnam adopted Chinese agricultural, educational, and governmental techniques

• gained independence via revolt

• adopted Confucianism and Buddhism

Japan

• adopted Confucianism, Buddhism, centralized government

• Chinese writing influenced Japanese writing

Pre-Islam Arabia and Mecca

• all major Afro-Eurasian trade routes converged in Arabia

• main religions: Judaism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, polytheism

• Mecca: center of polytheism (Kaaba), sacred to all Arabs

  • dominated by the Quraysh tribe

Emergence of Mohammad

• 610: Muhammad hears “God’s words”

  • recites them, criticism of Kaaba → persecuted by Quraysh

• Pact of Medina (622): formation of Islamic state in Medina

• Mohammad then controls Quraysh tribe and Mecca; Kaaba: monotheistic

Characteristics of the Ummah

Ummah: community of faithful Muslims

• began 622 (year 0 of the Muslim calendar)

• focus of Islam: building up the Ummah

Creation of the Rashidun Caliphate, & 1st Khalifa: Abu Bakr

Muhammed dies 632 CE → Caliphate est. → Abu Bakr: 1st Khalifa

• Ridda Wars → Rashidun authority over the Arabian peninsula

• united the Ummah

• Ali (Mohammed’s relative) passed over for 2nd Khalifa → growing sectarian tensions within Islam

2nd Khalifa: Omar

• declared jihad against Byzantine and Sassanid empires for justice against maltreatment of Arabs

• expanded land controlled by Ummah (controls all Sassanid empire)

• imposed jizya tax on non-Muslims

• est. ulama, shura, and tradition of plunder from opposing armies/govts

3rd Khalifa: Othman

• finalized Qur’an as a written text

• → rise of the Umayyads (appointed Umayyad relatives)

4th Khalifa: Ali

• opposed by the Umayyads and Ayesha (Mohammed’s youngest wife)

• declares jihad against Ayesha and wins

• moves capital from Medina to Kufa

5 Pillars of Islam

1. believe that Muhammad is the ultimate prophet of the only God (Allah)

2. Regular prayer (5x/day)

3. Alms

4. Fast during Ramadan

5. Hajj to Mecca (if possible)

Impact of the 1st Four Khalifas on Islam

• massive Muslim empire w/ toleration of Christians & Jews

• Sacred text: Qur’an

• Shura

• Ummayad’s rise to power

• Ali’s family shut out of power → Shia Islam

Ummayad Caliphate on Afro-Eurasia

• wars of expansion, new cities founded

• Arabic: official language of Islamic empire

Formation of Shia Islam

• Shia: supporters of Ali’s descendants for Khalifa candidates

• The Imam: man “connected to God,” always one of Ali’s descendants

• faith in the Imam: salvation

Formation of Sunni Islam

• hadiths (records of Muhammad’s life)

• goals: follow Muhammad’s sunnah and Qur’an

• dominant form of Islam

Problems in the Umayyad Empire

• wealth disparity → poverty grew

• forced Arabization angers Persians

• Shia and Kharijites suppressed religiously; Persians suppressed culturally → start of rebellion

The Abbasid revolution

• led by Abu Muslim

• Abu al-Abbas: figurehead of revolution

• victory against Umayyads → Abbas: new Khalifa

Abbasid Caliphate

• Sunni Islam, though ruled secularly

• booming economy

• 765: Baghdad created

  • capital of Abbasid Caliphate and source of great wealth

Feudalism

Socio-economic structure in Medieval Europe

• form of corvee labor in which serfs (coerced labor) worked for lords in exchange for protection

• hierarchy: lords ← vassals (lesser knights) ← serfs

Frederick I Barbarossa

• gained respect during the 2nd crusade

• 1155: crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

• died during the 3rd crusade (1190)

Italy under Barbarossa

• North Italian towns rich from trade (connected to Silk Roads and Indian Ocean) as a result of crusades

• protected by lords (ie Barbarossa) for a price

• relics: source of religious power for rulers

Motives for crusades

• stop expansion of Muslim states

• reclaim Holy Land for Christianity

• gain land and wealth (via trade routes)

Constantinople

• capital of the Byzantine Empire

• 1453: fell to the Ottoman Turks and renamed Istanbul

Caesaropapism

the emperors ruled as both secular lords while being active in the Church’s affiars

• est. by Constantine to claim divine favor for his rule as a Christian

• became a tradition among Byzantine emperors

Justinian (r. 527-565)

Byzantine emperor

• Hagia Sophia

• Corpus lurus civilis: THE codification of Roman law

• conquests in Italy, Sicily, S.Spain, NW Africa

Muslim conquests on the Byzantine empire

• led to significant territorial loss (Palestine, Syria, Egypt, N.Africa)

• Constantinople resisted conquest via Greek fire

Theme system

allocated imperial provinces (themes) to generals appointed by the emperor

• strengthened the empire → Byzantines dominated the eastern Mediterranean again

Factors of economic success in Medieval Europe

1. Silk manufacturing (Byzantines)

2. Byzantine trade via bezants (gold coins)

3. Heavy plows (agriculture in Western Europe)

4. Norse maritime trade

Byzantine and Western European societies

Byzantine: urbanized, centralized government, prosperous

Western European: rural, decentralized feudal systems, less prosperous

Pope vs. Patriarch

The Great Schism: 1054

• Byzantine Church → Eastern Orthodox Church (Patriarch)

• Western European Church → Roman Catholic Church (Pope)

Papacy

• sacrament of penance: required confession and penance for sins

• missions in England, North Germany, Scandinavia

• “sole authority of Christianity”

Patriarchy

• iconoclasm: movement to destroy religious icons → riots

• missions in Balkan and Slavic lands → Cyrillic alphabet

• supported autonomy of all major Christian jurisdictions

Monasticism

• self-denial for the sake of religion

• Byz. monasteries followed Basilian rule; W.European: Benedict’s rule

Spread of Christianity in the North Atlantic

• Erik the Red: invaded Iceland and Greenland

• Leif Erikson: est. colony of Vinland

• Roman Catholic Church converted Scandinavian seafarers → spread of Catholicism

Religion on education and European culture

On education

• → cathedral schools and universities

• scholasticism: synthesizing Christian values with Greek philosophy

On culture

• devotion to saints (especially Virgin Mary)

• relics (believed to hold saints’ power)

• sacraments: holy rituals that bless the observants

Christianity in Sicily and Spain

Sicily

• Normans revived Christianity in Sicily after Muslim conquests

Spain

• Reconquista (8th century - 1492): reconsolidation of Catholic rule over Spain after Muslim rule

Impact of Bantu immigration

• metallurgy

• bananas (from Southeast Asia)

• Bantu-speaking societies

Sub-Saharan societies pre-Arabization

• Kin based societies: governed via family/kinship groups

• Kingdom of Kongo (12th century - 17th century)

Traits

• complex societies w/ clear social hierarchy

• gender determined social roles

• slavery: major form of personal wealth (Islamic slave trade (700-1500 CE)

Commonalities of sub-Saharan religions

• creator god (omnipotent and omniscient)

• lesser deities and spirits (associated w/ natural features)

• diviners: religious specialists/mediums

Spread of Christianity in Africa

Kingdom of Axum

• Christianity: 4th-7th century; 12th-16th century

• Kebra Nagast: traced lineage of Ethiopian kings to Israelite kings

Spread of Islam in Africa

introduced by Islamic merchants via trans-Saharan gold-salt trade (camels) or Indian Ocean trade

Kingdom of Ghana

• important site on the trans-Saharan gold-salt trade

• by 10th century: rulers converted to Islam

Indian Ocean trade on East Africa

Kilwa (1300-1505)

• wealthy city state

• exported lots of gold

Great Zimbabwe

• capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe

• monarchs controlled trade of goods and slaves

Islam

• ruling elite and merchants converted to Islam → more commercial opportunities

Mali Empire (1226-1610)

Wealth

• trans-Saharan gold-salt trade

• Mansa Musa: wealthiest of the Mansas of Mali

Added territory

• Gao and Timbuktu (Musa)

Impact of Aryan migration

• migrated from Central Asia (pre-classical period)

• changed the Indus River Valley civilization

• power derived from iron weaponry and chariots

• → Sanskrit, Hinduism, caste system

Hinduism: key beliefs

1. Brahman: monistic conception of the universe (all gods are avatars of him)

2. samsara: reincarnation of the atman (soul)

3. karma: how one’s actions translate into consequences

4. dharma: one’s duty

5. moksha: escape from the samsara

Development of the caste system

1. Brahmins: priests (from Brahman’s mouth)

2. Kshatriyas: warriors, rulers (Brahman’s arms)

3. Vaisyas: skilled workers, minor officials (Brahman’s thighs)

4. Sudras: unskilled workers (Brahman’s feet)

5. Dalits (“untouchables”): “street sweepers”

Buddhism: overview

• key beliefs — desire: root of suffering; nirvana: ending desire; 8-fold path: way to reach nirvana; no god, just bodhisattvas (like gods)

• founded by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) in 500s CE, India

• way of diffusion: monasteries and sutras (texts)

• divisions: Theravada (practices > beliefs), Mahayana (emphasis on bodhisattvas)

Struggle for unity in South Asia

• White Huns invade Gupta dynasty → eventual Gupta collapse

• Harsha: Vardhana ruler; unified most of North India, though unity disintegrated upon his death

Introduction of Islam to North India

1. Sind: under Umayyad/Abbasid rule; modern-day Pakistan

2. Islamic merchants

3. Turkic speaking migrants

4. Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526)

5. Mahmud of Ghaznl: plunder of Hindu/Buddhist sites made Islam less popular in India

South Asian kingdoms

India lacked a large, centralized, imperial state

Chola dynasty (850-1267 CE)

• profits via Indian Ocean trade

• watch Ponniyan Selvan for more information

Vijayanagar kingdom (1336-1556 CE)

• Hindu majority

• established by people from the Delhi sultanate

• Muslim merchants prominent

Indian Ocean trade on South Asian prosperity

• dhows and junks (boats) and trade via monsoon trade → inc. trade

• emporia: commercial centers (eg Siraf)

• Specialized production + artisans

Factors of Hinduism’s increasing popularity

1. Decline of Buddhism (due to Turkish and Muslim invasions)

2. Vaishnavism and Shaivism (personal devotion to one avatar)

3. Philosophers: Shankara and Ramanuja

Growth of Islam in South Asia

1. Caste system pushed people out of Hinduism

2. Sufi mysticism

3. Bhakti movement (syncretism of Islam and Hinduism)

4. Guru Kabir’s teachings

Migration on Southeast Asia’s development

• brought irrigated rice tech

• cultural diffusion (Hinduism, Buddhism)

Khmer Empire

• Mahayana Buddhist empire

• Suryavarmam II: conquest of Champa; est. Angkor Wat

• fell due to prominence of Thai kingdoms and prominence of Theravada Buddhism over Mahayana Buddhism

Sukhothai and Ayutthaya Kingdom

• Ayutthaya kingdom displaced Sukhothai kingdom

• → Siam → Thailand

• Ayutthaya: Theravada Buddhist

Economy of Southeast Asia

• Chinese imperial tribute system

• Sultanate of Malacca: center of Muslim trade

Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia

1. Gujrati merchants

2. Sufi mystics

3. Malacca

Mexica peoples pre-Aztec Empire

Traits

• human sacrifice important in religion

• spoke Nahuatl

• Maya calendar (for agriculture) + religious calendar

History

• settled near city-state Tula, then Chimalxochitl

• people of little power until 1299

• 1345: Tenochtitlan established

Aztec Empire (1428-1521): Overview

Economy

• chinampa system of agriculture

• tributes from subjects (ie luxury items, humans)

• artisans and merchants supplied elites w/ luxury goods

Society

• warriors, artisans who supplied elites: prestige

• priests: elites; often advisors to Mexica rulers

• patriarchy: emphasis on bearing male children

• merchants: no prestige

• calpulli: community groups of farmers

Mexica culture

• Tezcatlipoca: giver and taker of life; patron god of warriors

• Quetzalcoatl: patron of arts, crafts, agriculture

• Huitzilopochtli: sun god; subject of many human sacrifices

• bloodletting: act of human sacrifice to honor gods

Inca Empire: overview

• Quechua language

• quipu: form of communication; recorded important information

• Cuzco: capital

• extensive communications network (25k miles) w/ messenger runners

Incan society

Economy

• command/planned economy

Society

• peasants lived in ayllus

• priests: part of elite; led ascetic lives

Politics

• chief ruler: descendant of the sun

Incan religion

• Inti: sun god

• Viracocha: creator of everything

• Cuzco: major religious location

• sin: “violation of the established natural order”

Australia: overview

• Australian Aboriginals created networks of exchange

• trade via shells (usually)

• geographic features and environments important in religion

Oceania: overview

• regional trade networks (eg Tonga, Samoa, and Fiji)

• long distance voyaging → sweet potatoes

• stratified societies, specialized workers

• chiefly states of Hawaii and Tonga

  • kapu (taboos) forbade interclass interactions

• marae: Polynesian temple structures