Counseling psychology umn exam 3

What are two major types of postmodern therapies?

Narrative Therapy and Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)

What is postmodern therapy's view of human nature? What are postmodern stance/beliefs?

-The client is the expert

-Dialogue is used to elicit client experiences and perspectives -Questions empower clients and express themselves.

What are strengths and critiques of postmodern therapies?

Strengths:

-Empowerment of client (strength-based)

-draws upon the strength of other approaches

-social constructionism is congruent with multiculturalism

Critiques

-few rigorous empirical studies

-may not be appropriate in some situations (eg. Severe psychopathology, cognitive impairment)

-Therapist "not knowing" Stance could compromise confidence in the therapist as expert

What are the assumptions of narrative therapy?

-People make meaning out of their lives through the construction of narratives

-Narrative is a thread that weaves events together forming a story

How do problems develop according to the narrative therapy?

When narratives are problem-saturated we experience distress - Dominant and alternative stories.

How does change occur according to the narrative therapy?

(Dont have to use all)

-Client must rewrite their story

-First identify or name the problem (give problem life if its own)

-Separate person from problem

-Search for expectations to problem

-Asc clients to speculate what kind of future they could imagine from the competent person that is emerging

-create audience to support story

What are four techniques of narrative therapy? what is an example for each

-Interviewing the problem (eg. hello (feeling) it seems you seem to have carved a place in (clients name) life. What purpose are you serving/what do you hope to do in their life, etc)

-Externalizing problem - separate person from problem (I am a depressing person-> Depression has made your life difficult)

-Search for exceptions- Unique outcome questions (eg. Describe a time that anger showed up but you resisted)

-Support new story-Share new story audience, an appreciative audience helps new stories take root.

What is the role of the therapist according to the narrative therapy?

-Demonstrate care, interest, curiosity, empathy, etc

-Adopt a not knowing position that allows being guided by clients story

-Help clients construct preferred alternative story

-create collaborative relationship

What are assumptions of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT)?

- problem itself may not be relevant to finding effective solutions (Past downplayed, present + future highlighted, solution focused)

-People can create their own solutions (Therapists "not-knowing" affords client opportunity to construct solution)

-Small changes lead to large changes

What is the role of the therapist according to the SFBT?

-Create collaborative partnership where client is the expert

-Ask skillful questions to: allow people to use their resources, imply change, focus on solutions, help people pay attention to what they are doing.

What are techniques of SFBT? You need to be able to provide examples for each

-Pre-therapy change (what have your done since you made this appointment that has made a difference in the problem?)

-Exception questions (Is there a time in your life where the problem did not exist)

-Miracle questions (If the problem was solved my miracle overnight, what would be different in your life?)

-Scaling questions (on a scale of 0-10, where are you with respect to ___?)

What's the most common theoretical orientation among practicing psychologists?

The integrative approach with 36%

What is integrative/eclectic psychotherapy?

It is a form of psychotherapy that combines 2+ theoretical orientations and believe that each approach has something positive to offer and psychologists should not be preoccupied with enforcing strict boundaries between approaches

What are 4 types of integrative approaches? describe each of them, provide examples, and identify the differences between them.

1)Technical eclecticism-Therapist selects and uses techniques from different approaches like a tool kit

Strength: can drow on variety of approaches to meet client needs

Weakness:may be atheoretical, no underlying theory of how problems develop or how change happens and using techniques without understand what is helping clients

2)Common Factors-30% of what shows improvement in clients across approaches

-Based on findings that different approaches dont show differences in affectiveness.

-Idea that all approaches share certain effective ingredients

-Maximizing use of change processes commo across theoretical orientations

3)Theoretical integration-bring together theoretical concepts from different approaches to form new one

-Difficult and sophisitcaed

-Example is Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT)

4)Assimilative integation-maintaining one central theoretical orientation while incorporating techniques from other therapies

-between technical eclecticism and theoretical integration

-example is Mindfulllness based cogntive therapy (MBCT)

DBT is an example of which type of integrative approaches? MBCT is an example of which type of integrative approaches?

-DBT is an example of theoretical integration

-MBCT is an example of assimilative integration

What are 6 stages of transtheoretical model of change? You need to be able to describe each stage and the interventions provided in each stage. You also ned to be able to name what the stage is based on the description and the intervention provided in that stage.

1)Pre-contemplation:Not worried about use-Intervention: Increase insight (validate, nurture, explore)

2)Contemplation: Still enjoy using, but noticing problems, weighing change-Intervention:Increse insight (listen, encourage)

3)preparations: Prepareing to make change-Intervention: Focus on action, behavioral change (small steps)

4)action:Changes to use: Focus on action, Behavioral change (Larger steps)

5)Maintenance: Doing good, maintaining action-Intervention: Anticipate and prepare for challenges, celebrate progress

6)Relapse or lapse or termination: Lapse: small slip up, relapse: fully going back-Intervention: hopefully none, if relapse be careful and encuraging

What are limitations of the transtheoretical model of change?

-People dont pass throughs steps in linear fashion

-Client readiness can fluctuate throughout process

-less explicit consideration of social and economic context in which client is trying to make change

What does the empirical support for the integrative/eclectic approach looks like?

Not a lot of research on integrative approach but existing research generally supports efficacy

What are some practice considerations of the integrative/eclectic approach

-Solid grounding inn theoretical orientation

-client understanding of treatment

-adapting to client through feedback and clients preferences and worldview

-Drawing on wisdom and experience

-across all approaches strong therapeutic relationship is very important

what is systems theory?

Generic form for conceptualizing a group of related elements (people) that interact as a whole entity (eg. Family or couple). The system is more than the sum of its parts, different components interact with and influence each other

What's the contribution of Virginia Satir to family therapy?

-Founder of experiential approaches to family therapy

-focused on communication that families engaged in

•What is the contribution of Murray Bowen to family therapy?

-Founded Family systems theory AKA Bowen theory

-focused on how to conceptualize problems as a result of the family of origin (individuals are not separate entities)

How do problems develop according to family systems theory? Identify and describe these problems.

-Triangulation: process in qhich 2 people who are in a conflict involve a 3rd person in order to resuce tention and avoid conflict in the relationship

-fusion: Family members feelings thoughts and behaviors are diverged (Eg. seeing families needs as own needs)

-Emotional Cutoff: Boundaries are too rigid and family memes are not in emotional contact

-Multigenerational transmission process:dysfunctional patterns are past from generation to generation

How does change occur according to family systems theory?

-De-triangulating (people in conflict communicate directly)

-differentiation while remaining connected (how do you feel not how does your family feel)

What is the most common problem addressed in couples therapy?

Communication 84% (unrealistic expectations are second 56%)

What is integrative behavioral couple therapy (IBCT)? What is emotion-focused couples therapy (EFCT)? Which one is more effective?

Both equally effective

IBCT: Involves negotiation, rpblemsolving, communication, skills training.

-"I" Statements

-Integrative because it involves making changes and accepting realities about other person

EFCT:Focus on identifying and expressing primary emotions rather than secondary emotions

-leads to rebuilding attachment bonds

• What are some good practices in couples counseling?

-DONT take sides, can compromise credibility

-Provide structure: dont let spouses take over each other or interrupt, energetic conversations (yelling) does not lead to learning or change, set clear boundariesa and structure at beginning

-suggest changes to couples day to day: have couples talk to each other not you, teach couples new ways to interact, insight alone often not enough

• What's the most common concern addressed in career counseling?

Career Dissatisfaction

What is person-environment fit? What are two major theories from this approach?

Person Environment fit emphasizes career satisfaction success occurs when individuals characteristics and requirements of job fit. Major Theories: Theory of work adjustment and Hollands theory of vocational personality and work environments

• What is developmental perspectives? What are two major theories from this approach?

Developmental perspective theories describe career development occurs over lifespan and influence by once celf concept, societal expectations and feedback from others. Major theories: Self Concept theory and Social cognitive career theory (SCCT)

Be able to describe theory of work adjustment (TWA)

Theory of work adjustments view career choise and development as a continual process of adjustment and accommodation. Focuses on interaction between person and work environment

What are four adjustment styles that explain how both the person and environment continuously achieve and maintain correspondence according to TWA?

Flexibility

Activeness

Reactiveness

Perseverance

What are 6 interest code according to Holland's theory of vocational personalities in work environment?

Realistic

Investigative

Artistic

Social '

Enterprising

conventional

How your interest level is determined in Strong Interest Inventory (SII)? What are four components of SII? You need to be able to identify and describe each component.

-General ocupational themes-RIASEC

-Basic interest scales- represent specific interest areas that point to work activities.

-Occupational Scales-show 10 most closely alight occupations according to your interests

-Personal Style Scales-describe different ways of approaching people ,learning and leading. As well as interest in taking risks and being a part of a team

What are five stages of career development according to self concept theory/Super's life span, life space perspective?

Growth

Exploration

Establishment

Maintenance

Disengement

What is self concept theory/Super's life span, life space perspective?

Views career choice and development as a process of developing and implementing a persons self concept in a vocational setting

What is social cognitive career theory? (SCCT)

-Self efficacy expectations: beliefs people have about their ability to successfully complete a task

-Outcome expectations: beliefs related to the consequences of performing a specific behavior

• What are critiques of career counseling

-Generalizability: major theories all developed in US, research based on middle/upper class white men

-Not applicable to lower class people-more focused on survival than career fulfillment

-many people have external factors limiting their ability to freely choose a career

-Career counseling can be expensive

What is group therapy?

Psychotherapy in which one or more therapists treat a group of clients together as a group

What are 3 types of group therapy?

Support-focuses on providing support or specific issues, clients support and validate each other (Cancer support group)

Psychoeducational-lecture like, providing info about specific topics and skill development

Interpersonal process-focuses of process of being in the group guiding clients to note how they are interacting and how it mirrors their real life experienes. (Anxiety group theorapy)

Who may be benefited from group therapy? Who may be excluded from group therapy?

People who have difficult time in relationships may benefit from process therapy, almsot anyone can benefit from a group. Exclusion criteria. May be excluded for if a crisis comes up in your life, suicidal clients, members unable to regularely attend, clients with antisocial personality disorder.

What are some considerations for group therapy?

Group size can vary from 3- several hundred depending on type of group. Usually works best with 6-8 members

-Structure can vary from open where members can come and go as needed to closed where members can only finish if they were there from the start.

-Ethics are a concern because confidentiality cannot be guaranteed

What is therapists' role in group therapy? What are some process components that therapists need to pay attention to?

-Express concern, acceptance, empathy toward members.

-Facilitate dialogue

-Serve as role model for giving and receiving feedback

-In psychoeducational groups act as educator

-pay attention to the roles people are playing in the groups and the clicks that are forming.

-Look how conflict is adressed and what it is about

-look at who is communicating and interupting and to whom

What are some techniques that are commonly used in group therapy?

-group screening interviews to create and maintain groups

- culture building by creating norms and modeling desired behavior

-using here and now by helping group members figure out whats going on inside them and using self reflection

What are 5 group stages? You need to be able to describe what each stage looks like and what the therapist role is in each stage

1)Forming-orientation, leading role help members get to know each other

2)Storming-(typically unpleasant)conflict stage where ideas are critisized and coalitions begin to form, judgements are formed and power struggle. Therapist has to destinguis between attacks on person and attacks on ideas.

3)Norming-Structure stage where agreements on procedure are formed as well as a "We" feeling. Therapist fosters group feeling

4)Performing-Work stage where ther eis a high task orientation, cooperation expression of positive and negative emotions. Therapist be on the look out for subgroups conflict and self disclosure (members need to do it).

5)Adjourning- termination stage, completion of tasks and increased independence, therapist asists in process and gide clients conclusions

• What are some factors that make the group therapy therapeutic? (Yalom's therapeutic factors)

Hope

Developing social skills

Universality

Group cohesiveness

Interpersonal learning

What are advantages and disadvantages of group therapy?

Advantages: Accountabilty, skill building cost effective, mimics real social groups

Disadvantages: groups arent for everyone, no confidentiality, can be harder to build trust

What does it mean to be a scientist-practitioner?

You conduct research and are constantly consuming research and applying it to your practice

What are steps in the research cycle? What are steps in theory building and testing?

Research idea->hypothesize and plan research-> perform research->analyze results->publish findings

What are two major types of psychotherapy research? What are some examples questions that outcome research and process research can answer, separately?

Outcome (Does therapy work?, What therapies work?) and process (how does therapy work?, for whom does therapy work?)

What is single group design? What is randomized controlled trial?

Single group design is where you measure pre and post treatment for one group.

RCT: compare treatment groups to control groups pre and post test

What are some important considerations for RCT?

-must define exclusion and inclusion data

-even with specific diagnosis there is a lot of veriability between subjects.

-must define control group but use placebo

-"Pure control" no intervention

• What is mediation? What is moderation? You need to be able to describe the difference between them and provide examples

Moderation is 3rd variable that affects direction or strength of association between 2 variables (ex providing treatment leads to lower anxiety but with social support it decreases anxiety more)

Mediation is when a 3rd variable accounts for the association between 2 variables, therapy that teaches self advocacy leads to lower anxiety due to the self advocacy

What is open science? What are some key components of open science?

Scholarly movement dedicating to principles of making research transparent credible and accessible. Preregistration and making data, process and materials open to public