WELL HYDRAULICS

is a geological formation or a porous permeable layer of rock or sediment that contains and transmits groundwater also it is the source of water supply for wells.

Aquifer

these are geological formation that are highly porous, but non permeable ex. clay.

Aquiclude

these consist of geological formation that are porous but have very less permeability. these only allow the seepage of water like sandy clay.

Aquitard

these are neither porous nor permeable like granite

aquifuge

refers to the decline in the water level in a well due to pumping or extraction of groundwater, also it is typically measured as the distance between the original water level and lowered water level.

drawdown

it is a cone-shaped depression in the water table or groundwater surface around a well. it occurs when water is withdrawn from a well faster than it can be replenished, causing the water table to lower in the vicinity of the well

cone of depression

it refers to the rate at which well can deliver water, also it is typically measure in gallons per minute (GPM) or liter per second (L/s) and is influenced by factors such as the aquifers properties, well design and pumping rate

well yield

it is the ratio of the well yield to the drawdown caused by pumping. it provides an indication of the efficiency of a well in producing water from a specific aquifer.

specific capacity

it is an unconfined aquifer is the ratio of the volume of water which will flow under saturated conditions due to gravity effects to the total volume of aquifer.

specific yield

it is a measure of the ability of an aquifer to transmit water.

Transmissivity

it refers to the effectiveness of a well in extracting water from an aquifer.

well efficiency

what are the different methods of extracting groundwater?

wells, spring water collection, rainwater harvesting

it is the most common method of extracting water from underground aquifers

Pumping wells

it is also known as dug wells or traditional wells

open wells

similar to pumping wells but are characterized by the use of a screen or perforated casing at the bottom section of the well.

tube wells

it is also known are flowing wells, are wells that tap into a confined aquifer where the water is under pressure.

Artesian wells

it is also known as recharge wells or injection wells, are specially designed to facilitate water infiltration into the underlying aquifers.

infiltration wells

these wells refer to the impact of gravity on the flow of groundwater within wells.

gravity wells

it is a natural outlet when groundwater emerges at the surface.

Springs

in some cases, water can be extracted from underground sources using what system?

gravity flow systems

it involves collecting and storing rainwater runoff for later use.

rainwater harvesting