Oruc et al (Bipolar Disorder and Genetic Studies)

What psychological disorder was investigated in Oruč et al. (1997)?

Bipolar disorder (specifically Bipolar I), a mood disorder involving episodes of mania and depression.

What was the main aim of Oruč et al. (1997)?

To investigate whether genetic variations (polymorphisms) in serotonin transporter and receptor genes are linked to susceptibility to bipolar disorder.

What was the hypothesis in Oruč et al. (1997)?

There was no specific hypothesis stated, but the study explored whether genetic polymorphisms would be more common in people with bipolar disorder.

What theory underpins the study by Oruč et al. (1997)?

Biological theory of mental illness – bipolar disorder may be inherited and linked to neurotransmitter systems, especially serotonin. Genetics may play a key role.

What genes were studied in Oruč et al. (1997)?

The 5-HT transporter gene and the 5-HT2C receptor gene, both related to serotonin function in the brain.

What type of research method and design was used in Oruč et al. (1997)?

Correlational study using a matched pairs design based on age and sex. DNA testing was performed to identify gene variations.

What was the sample in Oruč et al. (1997)?

42 unrelated Croatian patients with Bipolar I disorder (25 female, 17 male), aged 31–70. 16 had first-degree relatives with affective disorders. 40 healthy controls with no psychiatric history.

What was the main procedure used in Oruč et al. (1997)?

Participants were screened for psychiatric history, and their DNA was tested for specific gene polymorphisms related to serotonin receptors and transporters.

What were the main findings of Oruč et al. (1997)?

No significant genetic associations overall. However, women with bipolar disorder showed a higher frequency of the gene polymorphisms compared to female controls.

What conclusion was drawn from Oruč et al. (1997)?

Genetic polymorphisms in serotonin-related genes may contribute to bipolar disorder risk in females, though no broad genetic link was found across the whole sample.

How generalisable is Oruč et al. (1997)?

Limited – small sample size, all Croatian, mostly older participants. Lack of diversity and low statistical power limit generalisability.

How reliable is Oruč et al. (1997)?

High internal reliability – DNA testing is objective and consistent. Procedures can be replicated. But external reliability is limited by small sample.

How applicable is Oruč et al. (1997)?

Moderately applicable – suggests a potential genetic risk factor, especially for women. Can inform future research and awareness for at-risk individuals.

How valid is Oruč et al. (1997)?

High internal validity due to objective genetic testing with minimal researcher bias. But external validity is low due to sample limitations.

What ethical considerations are relevant in Oruč et al. (1997)?

Ethical – data anonymised, no reported harm. DNA swabbing is non-invasive. Confidentiality was likely maintained but not discussed in detail.

What debate does Oruč et al. (1997) support – free will vs determinism?

Supports biological determinism – suggests genetic predisposition to bipolar disorder, especially in women. Individuals cannot control their genetic inheritance.

What debate does Oruč et al. (1997) support – application to everyday life?

Even small findings help improve understanding of risk factors, diagnosis, and potential future prevention or early intervention strategies for mood disorders.