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Petroleum
A fossil fuel used to power transportation and industrial processes, central to modern energy consumption.
Nuclear Power
An alternative energy source that uses nuclear reactions to generate electricity with lower greenhouse gas emissions.
The Internet
A global network that revolutionized communication, commerce, and information-sharing in the late 20th century.
Mobile Phones
Devices that enabled global communication and access to the internet, drastically changing personal and professional life.
Air Travel
A form of transportation that became faster and more accessible, connecting people across long distances.
Shipping Containers
Standardized transport units that revolutionized global trade by simplifying the movement of goods.
Alzheimer’s Disease
A neurodegenerative condition associated with aging, illustrating health challenges in longer-living populations.
Heart Disease
A leading cause of death globally, linked to aging and lifestyle changes in developed nations.
HIV/AIDS
A global epidemic that emerged in the late 20th century, particularly affecting Sub-Saharan Africa.
Ebola
A highly infectious disease primarily affecting parts of Africa, highlighting global health vulnerabilities.
COVID-19
A global pandemic that emerged in 2019, reshaping public health policies and global interaction.
Deforestation
The large-scale removal of forested areas, often due to agriculture or development, contributing to climate change.
Desertification
The degradation of land in arid areas due to overgrazing, deforestation, or poor agricultural practices.
Decline in Air Quality
Caused by industrialization and urbanization, contributing to respiratory issues and climate change.
Freshwater Scarcity
Increasing global demand and pollution of freshwater supplies threaten ecosystems and human populations.
Greenpeace
An international environmental organization advocating for conservation and against environmental degradation.
Earth Day
An annual event supporting environmental protection and raising awareness about global ecological challenges.
Kyoto Protocol
An international treaty committing signatory countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Paris Agreement
A global pact aimed at limiting climate change by reducing carbon emissions and supporting green initiatives.
Deng Xiaoping
Chinese leader who introduced market-based reforms and opened China’s economy to global trade.
Ronald Reagan
U.S. president known for promoting free-market policies and deregulation.
Margaret Thatcher
British prime minister who implemented neoliberal economic reforms including privatization.
Augusto Pinochet
Chilean dictator who embraced economic liberalization through controversial free-market reforms.
WTO
World Trade Organization; regulates international trade and resolves disputes between nations.
IMF
International Monetary Fund; provides loans and economic guidance to countries in financial crises.
World Bank
Offers financial and technical assistance for development projects in poorer countries.
Knowledge Economies
Economies based on information, innovation, and services rather than manufacturing (e.g., U.S., Japan).
Manufacturing Economies
Countries that focus on producing goods for export, often due to lower labor costs (e.g., Bangladesh, Mexico).
Reggae
A genre of music from Jamaica that became globally popular, reflecting cultural diffusion.
K-pop
Korean pop music that gained a massive international following and cultural influence.
Bollywood
India’s film industry producing popular movies with global reach.
World Cup
An international soccer tournament fostering global unity and cultural exchange.
Olympics
A worldwide athletic competition symbolizing international cooperation and competition.
McDonald’s
A global fast-food brand symbolizing cultural globalization and American influence.
Apple
A multinational tech company representing global consumerism and innovation.
Nike
A global athletic brand known for its international manufacturing and marketing.
Anti-Globalization Movements
Social movements opposing the negative effects of globalization, such as inequality and cultural homogenization.
Global Inequality
The uneven distribution of wealth and resources across countries, exacerbated by globalization.
Al-Qaeda
A terrorist organization responsible for major global attacks, including 9/11, challenging global security.
ISIS
A militant group that sought to establish an Islamic state, known for violence and global terror threats.
UNICEF
United Nations organization focused on protecting children’s rights and welfare worldwide.
CEDAW
An international treaty promoting the elimination of discrimination against women.
Indigenous Rights Movements
Efforts to protect the cultures, lands, and rights of indigenous peoples globally.
Disability Rights Movements
Advocacy for equal access and protections for people with disabilities.