Ch 7 Skeletal System

5 Skeletal System Functions

1. Structure and form

2. Protects internal organs

3. Stores mineral deposits

4. Hematopoiesis - site for blood cell formation

5. Anchors muscles and allows for movement

When Ossification Occurs

During the 8th week of embryonic development

Medullary Canal

Canal within the diaphysis that is filled with yellow marrow

Endosteum

Lining of the marrow canal that keeps the cavity intact

Haversian Canals

Canals that carry blood cells that branch into the compact bones to nourish the osteocytes

Spongy Bone

Dissolved hard bone in areas where less strength is needed

Periosteum

The outside lining of the long bones; tough fibrous tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves.

Osteoblasts

Bone cells that deposit new bone

Osteoclasts

Bone cells that secrete enzymes that digest the bony materials

Hyoid Bone

U-shaped bone that attached to the tongue

Suture

Connective tissue bands that hold cranial bones together.

Parietal Bone

Skull bone that makes up the L and R sides of the skull, and well as the roof

Temporal Bone

Forms the side of the skull and houses the ears

Ethmoid Bone

Between eyes, forms part of nasal cavity

Sphenoid Bone

The skull bone that connects all of the other skull bones and forms the base of the skull.

List of Nasal Bones (4)

Two bones that make up the bridge of the nose

Vomer - midline of septum

Concha - side walls of nasal cavity

Palatines

Forms the hard palate of the mouth

Sternum Bones (3)

Breastbone - body

Manubrium - upper region

Xyphoid Process

Appendicular Skeleton

Upper extremities and lower extremities

Pelvic Girdle Bones/Pieces

Sacrum, Coccyx, Pelvis, Pubic synphonose, illium, illiac crest, obturator foramen, ischium, pubis

Obturator Foramen

A large opening that allows for the passage of nerves, blood vessels, and tendons

Tibia

Larger lower leg bone; shin bone

Tarsal

(7) connects foot and leg bones

Talus

Broad tarsal bone

Flat Feet

A condition in which the arches ‘fall’ due to weak foot ligaments and tendons

Joints Definition and Types (3)

Articulation: points of contact between two bones

Diarthroses, Amphiarthroses, and Synarthroses

Diarthroses

Movable; bursa, articular cartilage, and synovial cavity

Synovial Cavity

An area between the two articular cartilages

Synovial Fluid

Secreted by synovial membrane lining the articular capsule to reduce friction of joint movement

Anterior Capsule

Tough, fibrous, connective tissue capsule that encloses two articular surfaces of the bone

Bursae

Closed sacs with synovial membrane lining

Ball-and-Socket Joints

Allows the greatest freedom of movement

Shoulder and hips

Pivot Joints

Allows for significant movement

Radius and ulna, and atlas and axis

Gliding Joints

Those in which nearly flat surfaces glide across each other

Vertebrae

Herniated Discs

Sudden and forceful jolts to the spine causing a portion of the disc to protrude and impinge on spinal nerves

Amphiarthroses Joints

Partially movable joints, with cartilage between their articular surfaces

Synarthroses Joints

Immovable joints connected by tough, fibrous connective tissue

Flexion

Bring two bones closer together

Extension

Moving two bones apart; increasing angle between two bones

Rotation

Allows a bone to move around one central axis

Pronation

The forearm turns the hand so the palm is downward or backward

Supination

Palm is forward or upward

Fracture

Most common traumatic injury to a bone

Greenstick Fracture

Simplest fracture, partially bone, not completely separated

Closed/Simple Fracture

Broken, not pierce through the skin

Comminuted Fracture

Occurs when the bone is splintered or broken into many pieces

Closed Reduction

The bony fragments are brought into alignment by manipulation

Open Reduction

Surgical manipulation of the bone using wires, metal plates, or screws

Traction

A pulling force is used to hold the bones in place

Dislocation

When a bone is displaced from its proper position in a joint.

Sprain

Injury to a joint caused by any sudden or unusual motion, such as turning the ankle.

Hammer Toe

Toe that's curled due to a bend in the middle joint of one or more toes

Whiplash Injury

Trauma to the cervical vertebrae, usually the result of an automobile accident

Arthritis

Inflammation of one or more joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, swelling, and other problems that limit normal activities of daily living.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Chronic, autoimmune disease that affects the connective tissue and joints.

Acute inflammation of the connective tissue thickening of the synovial membrane and fusing of the joints. Joints are badly swollen and painful.

Osteoarthritis

Known as degenerative joint disease, it occurs with aging; articular cartilage degenerates and a bony spur formation occurs at the joint.

May enlarge joints and there is pain and swelling.

Gout

Characterized but acute inflammation commonly affecting the big toe. Pain and swelling is the body's response to the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the affected joint.

Kyphosis

Hunchback; humps curvature in the thoracic area of the spine

Lordosis

Sway back; exaggerated inward curvature in the lumbar region of the spine just above the sacrum

Scoliosis

Side to side or lateral curvature of the spine

Osteoporosis

Porous bone disease; characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue.

Also known as the silent disease

Osteomyelitis

An infection that may involve all parts of the bone, may result from injury or systemic infection

Osteosarcoma

Bone cancer; typically affecting the long bone of a limb

Rickets

Found in children and usually caused by lack of vitamin D. bones become soft, due to the lack of calcification, causing such deformities as bowlegs in pigeon breast.