COG Exam 4

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning.

inductive

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard

An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include

an extraneous cough

For which type of syllogism do people exhibit the best performance in judging validity?

affirming the antecedent

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word

"Kitchen tables" consists of ___ morphemes

three

When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech, we see that the speech signal

is continuous

Syntax is

the rules for combining words into sentences

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

slowly to low-frequency words than high frequency words.

Rodney has tested positive for the dreaded Nelson's disease, which affects approximately 1 in 10,000 people in the general population. The test for Nelson's disease has a false positive rate of only 1% due to his positive test, Rodney is 99% sure he has the disease. He becomes distraught and jumps from a high building to his death. This tragic situation best illustrates the

base rate problem

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers),

performance is better for the concrete task

Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using

the representativeness heuristic

Which concept below is most closely associated with the evolutionary perspective to solving the Wason four-card problem?

social exchange theory

Consider the following syllogism:
If it is raining, then I will take my umbrella
It is not raining
Therefore I did not take my umbrella

denying the antecedent

Physiological research on problem solving has concluded that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is important in problem solving because damage to this area causes

an increase in perseveration

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are biased by the operation of the

confirmation bias

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthmas has been explained in terms of the

availability heuristic

The crucial question in comparing syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing is ___ is involved

when semantics

List two pieces of evidence suggesting that language is hard-wired and universal

Each culture of humans have independently formed their own language
Each language contains the same set of principles like rules, the presence of nouns and verbs, the ability to phrase a question and ability to talk in different tenses

Compare and contrast algorithms and heuristics

algorithms and heuristics are both applications of inductive reasoning
Algorithms are used by computers, are slow, but always right and not constructive
Heuristics can best be describes as a rule of thumb are used by humans, much faster, but are error prone

Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify

50% of the words spoken by their own voices

The conjunction rule states that

the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone

Briefly describe how a categorical syllogism can be both valid and false at the same time

A categorical syllogism is a syllogism that involves all, no or some. A categorical syllogism can be valid if there is no other conclusion for the given premises. However, in this scenario the premises do not have to be true. If one of the premises are false then the conclusion is false, but the syllogism is still valid because there is no other conclusion for the given premises

Consider the following syllogism:
Premise 1: All dogs are cats
Premise 2: All cats say "meow"
Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs say "meow"
Which statement below describes this syllogism?

the conclusion is valid

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing

A and 13

Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that to concern him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and he says "George Burns smoked cigars and he lived to be 100!"You might point out that a major problem with his "George Burns" argument involves

sample size

The situation model supposes that a reader "experiences" the events in a story most often from the point-of-view of

the protagonist

Consider the following syllogism:
All of the students are tired
Some tired people are irritable
Some of the students are irritable
It is likely that most people will judge this syllogism as

valid, because the conclusion is believable

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?

"Because he always jogs a mile"

Swinney did an experiment in which he presented participants with the sentence, "The man was not surprised to find several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room." He found that immediately after hearing the word "bug," the participants accessed

both the "insect" and the "hidden listening device" meanings of the word.

Physiological ERP responses show that a large P600 wave is associated with

incorrect syntax

In an eye movement study, Rayner and coworkers had participants read sentences that contained either a high- or low- frequency target word. For example, the sentence "Sam wore the horrid coat though his ___ girlfriend complained," contained either the target word "pretty" or "demure". Results showed the participants' ___ was shorter for the target word ___.

fixation, pretty

Brain imaging (EEG/ERP) studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with ___ brain mechanisms

different

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of _____ inference.

an anaphoric

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This property is known as

hierarchical structure

Most of the coherence in texts is created by

inference

Juanita is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Juanita decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of _____, she will use a _____ strategy.

gains; risk-aversion

According to the ___, the presence of the words all, some or no in the premises of a deductive argument can influence the person's evaluation of the validity of the conclusion of the argument.

atmosphere effect

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is

the falsification principle

Which property below is not one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

communication

A syllogism is valid if

the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement

Omission bias involves

tending to do nothing rather than making a decision that could be interpreted as causing harm

Research shows that if you ask university students how happy they are and how many As they're getting in their classes, the correlation between the two answers varies with

the order in which you ask the two questions