Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1 test

Anatomy

study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

Physiology

study of how the body and its parts work together to function

Gross Anatomy

Large and Easily observable structures

Microscopic Anatomy

Very small structures and can only be viewed with a microscope

Levels of structural Organization(smallest to largest)

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ systems, organism

Integumentary

Skin. Protective covering of the body

Muscular

Helps move the body

Skeletal

Provides rigid support to the body

Nervous

Brain, spinal cords, and all nerves. Sends signals around the body.

Endocrine

Hormone production and secretion. Sends signals around the body.

Cardiovascular

Heart and blood vessels. Transports nutrients and hormones around the body.

lymphatic

Returns fluids to blood vessels and house immune cells

Respiratory System

Lungs. Exchanges gases with the environment.

Digestive

Breaks down and absorbs nutrients in food

Urinary

Removes excess water and waste from the body

Reproductive

Produces and combines sperm/egg to make a new person

Conditions for Human Life:

1)Water

2)Nutrients

3)Oxygen

4)Stable body temperature

5) Appropriate atmospheric pressure

Homeostasis

The tendency for the body to maintain stable internal conditions.

Positive feedback loops

Each loop reinforces the effect of the last loop. Moves body away from previous state(childbirth, blood clotting, etc)

negative feedback loop

Moves the body back toward a stable neutral state. Each look acts to reduce change to the body(temperature, blood sugar)

Body temperature(hot then cold)

1)Thermostat in hypothalamus activates cooling mechanism

2)Skin blood vessels dilate: Capillaries fill with warm blood: heat radiates from skins surface

3)Sweat glands activated, increasing evaporative cooling

4)Body Temperature decreases: thermostat shuts off cooling mechanisms

Body Temperature(Cold then hot)

1)Thermostat in hypothalamus activates warming mechanisms

2)Skeletal muscles activated: shivering generates more heat

3)Skin blood vessels constrict, diverting blood from skins surface to deeper tissues and reducing heat loss from skin surface

4) Body temperature increases: thermostat shuts off warming mechanisms.

Stimulus: Declining blood sugar levels Into increasing blood sugar levels

1) Alpha cells in pancreas releases glycogen

2) causes the liver to break down the glycogen into glucose and releasing it into the blood stream

3)Blood sugar increases

Stimulus: Increasing blood sugar levels into

1) Blood sugar levels increases

2) Beta cells in the pancreas releases insulin into the liver

3) liver takes the glucose and stores it as glycogen

4) blood sugar levels decreases

Homeostatic imbalance

A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease or injury

Water Balance: Dehydrated

1) Water levels in the bloodstream decreases

2) Hypothalamus detects higher concentration of solutes in bloodstream

3) Hypothalamus creates feelings of thirst, and the pituitary gland releases more ADH to collect any more water from the Kidney.

4) When the person drinks water, ADH stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water.

5) Levels stabilize

Water Levels: Too much

1) Person drinks too much water

2) Hypothalamus detects low solute levels in the bloodstream

3) Pituitary glands release less ADH into the bloodstream

4)Kidney’s reabsorb less water

5) Levels stabilize.

Normal Resting heart Rate:

50 - 100 bpm

Increased heart rate:

Tachycardia

Decreased heart rate

Bradycardia

Normal resting respiratory rate:

9 - 20 breaths per minutes

Normal resting respiratory rate for children and infants:

20-40 breaths per minute

Average blood pressure and healthy range

120 contacting and 80 relaxing. 130 contradicting and 90 relaxing(120/80, 130/90)

High blood pressure:

Hypertension(cause:hardening and blocking of blood vessels, or excess liquid in the blood)

Low blood pressure

Hypotension( not enough water in the blood or excess bleeding)

Normal blood pressure

80 to 150 mg/dL(depends on when you last ate)

Elevated blood sugar

Hyperglycemia

Decreased blood sugar:

Hypoglycemia

Body Temperature: Normal

97-99(98.6)

Low body temperature:

Hypothermia

High body temperature:

Hyperthermia

anterior

Front from the side)

Posterior

Back(from the side)

Superior

Up

Inferior

Down

Medial

To the center of the body

Lateral

Away from the center of the body

Proximal

Pointing upward(near the body)

Distal

Pointing downward(near the body)

Hypovolemic shock(Cold or warm)

Low blood/fluid volume(cold)

Cariogenic shock(Cold or hot)

When the heart cannot properly pump blood throughout the boy(cold)

Distributive Shock(cold or hot)

When blood vessels widen and leak(hot)

Anaphylactic shock(hot or cold)

Severe allergic reaction causes blood vessels to dilate which results in low BP(cold)

Obstructive shock(cold or hot)

Blood flow is stopped(due to abnormal buildup of fluid in the pericardium)

Neurogenic shock

Injury to a persons spine that results in dilatation of blood vessels and a drop of BP

Septic Shock

Infection that dilates blood vessels that drops BP

Endocrine shock

When a person is very ill, some disorders may stop the heart from properly functioning and severely drop BP

Non medical shock

A temporary state of fear

Medical shock(Why does the body go into it?)

Inadequate perfusion of blood into tissues(Body goes into shock when multiple organs do not get enough oxygen)

What does the body do as a response to shock?

Constricting blood vessels in extremities

Compensated shock

When BP is low so the Body increases HR and constricts blood vessels by releasing adrenaline

What symptoms are easily observable in Compensated shock?

Cyanosis, vomitting, pale skin

How to deal with shock

Concentrated oxygen and warming blankets

Decompensated shock

body starts failing when unable to maintain BP