Anthropology Exam 3 Study Guide: Colonialism and Globalization

What are the three aspects of colonialism?

Political (enforcement of norms, rules, or laws, military control), Economic (tariffs, controlling production), and Cultural (religion, social classes, dress, food, language).

What were the European reasons for colonizing Africa?

Demand for raw materials, need for markets, and the three Cs: commerce, Christianity, and civilization.

What distinguishes settler colonies from extractive colonies?

Settler colonies involve a significant number of colonizers moving in and establishing infrastructure, while extractive colonies focus solely on resource extraction without building infrastructure.

What does the term 'White Man's Burden' refer to in the context of colonial ideology?

The belief that Europeans had a duty to civilize and exploit African colonies for profit, often justified by a sense of racial superiority.

How did Christianity spread in Africa during colonization?

Before colonization, less than 5% of Africa was Christian; this increased to 50% due to missionary efforts, promoting monotheism as a means of control.

What were some benefits of colonization?

Education led to the formation of resistance groups, and infrastructure such as schools and hospitals were established in settler colonies.

What are some abuses of colonization?

Violence against native populations, such as the mutilation of individuals who failed to meet resource quotas, exemplified by the Belgian Congo abuses.

What was the outcome of the Haitian Revolution?

Haiti successfully pushed out French colonizers, establishing independence.

What social changes occurred in the Dominican Republic due to colonization?

The Dominican Republic viewed Spain as the ideal, leading to a resistance against identifying as black due to associations with Haiti.

What was the impact of industrialism on social structures?

It led to precarity, where certain populations suffer from failing social and economic networks, increasing exposure to violence and death.

What are some socio-ecological impacts of industrialism?

Increased energy consumption, ecocide, industrial agriculture, and global health consequences.

How does long-distance trade affect environmental sustainability?

It requires environmentally expensive shipping and often leads to inequality between trading partners, resulting in unsustainable consumption and labor practices.

What are the three conditions leading to globalization and hunger?

1. Loss of land through coercion and enslavement, leading to wage labor; 2. Commercialization of local food production, eroding sustainable practices; 3. Dependence on cash crops for European markets, destabilizing local economies.

What example illustrates the impact of synthetic fibers on local economies in Brazil?

In the 1960s, the introduction of synthetic fibers reduced the competitiveness of sisal plantations in Northeast Brazil, leading to decreased worker pay.

What is precarity in the context of industrialism?

A politically induced condition where certain populations are exposed to failing social and economic networks, resulting in increased vulnerability to violence and hunger.

What is the significance of the film clip 'Samsara' in relation to agriculture?

It highlights the disconnect consumers have regarding the origins of their food and the environmental impacts of agricultural practices.

How did colonialism affect the social identity of indigenous populations?

Indigenous populations were often marginalized and forced into lower social classes, losing their cultural identity and autonomy.

What role did missionaries play in the cultural aspect of colonization?

They were encouraged to spread Christianity, which was believed to facilitate control over the local populations.

What were the consequences of the commercialization of local food production?

It led to decreased local food production, increased dependence on external markets, and destabilized the economic systems of colonies.

What was the impact of colonialism on the indigenous population in Bolivia?

The majority of the Incan Empire was killed off, and the remaining indigenous population was placed into a lower social class.

What was the role of women in the context of colonialism in Bolivia?

Women were forced to wear peasant skirts, reflecting the imposition of colonial norms on their identities.

What infrastructure developments occurred in settler colonies?

Settler colonies saw the establishment of schools, transportation systems, and other infrastructures to support the colonizing population.

How did the belief in monotheism relate to control over colonized populations?

Colonizers believed that promoting monotheism would make it easier to control the local populations.

What is the role of a state in relation to people's products or labor?

A state emerges and takes people's products or labor.

What agricultural practice was significant for wet-rice cultivators in early 20th century China?

They were required to produce for export.

What historical structure was built in 215 BC using a vast army of conscripted workers?

The Great Wall of China.

How did European colonialism impact Africa?

It extracted wealth from the continent.

What are the primary products of dessert and beverage economies?

Tea, coffee, sugar, and cocoa.

What is a major risk of economies centered around luxury goods for the western world?

If outside markets crash, they cannot eat the food, as they are not growing staple crops.

What are some alternative techniques to industrial agriculture?

Beyond industrial agriculture, there are alternative techniques that can be employed.

What are the labor impacts of industrialism?

It leads to institutionalized inequality, outsourcing, and sweatshops.

What does long-distance trade often entail?

It often entails inequality between trading partners and unsustainable levels of consumption.

What is outsourcing?

Outsourcing is subcontracting a process that could have been provided in-house to a third-party company, often exploiting cheap labor.

What are sweatshops?

Worksites in violation of multiple labor and safety laws.

What tragic event occurred in Bangladesh related to sweatshops?

112 workers were killed in a fire at a factory, and over a thousand were killed when an 8-story factory collapsed.

What is institutionalized inequality?

It refers to the systemic disparities in power and resources that disadvantage certain groups.

How have former colonies integrated into the industrialized global economy?

They often engage in lower-end industrial or commercial work, such as sweatshops and migrant labor.

What is the culture of consumption?

It is a major economic, social, and ideological system geared to unsustainable levels of resource consumption.

What is the impact of globalization?

It creates greater interconnectedness of the world through new information, communication, and travel technologies.

What is postcolonialism?

It is the view that the colonial period is over, leading to new dynamics and power structures.

What is neocolonialism?

It is the view that contemporary dynamics of culture and power continue to reflect those of the colonial period.

What is the significance of the film clip from The Simpsons titled 'Kiss, Kiss, Bang, Bangalore'?

It illustrates globalized discourses about labor and the ability of populations to advocate for themselves.

What is the concept of 'the second shift'?

It refers to the additional labor, often unpaid, that housewives perform at home after their formal work hours.

What are '******* jobs' as discussed in the reading 'On the Phenomenon of ******* Jobs'?

They are service jobs that serve as filler positions without meaningful contribution.

What are the intended and unintended effects of outsourcing?

Intended effects include cost savings for companies; unintended effects often involve exploitation of workers.

What is the World Trade Organization (WTO)?

The only international body dealing with the rules of trade between nations.

What is the role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?

An international organization of 185 member countries established to promote monetary cooperation, exchange stability, and provide temporary financial assistance to countries.

What is economic globalization?

A concept where economic development and progress are seen as beneficial goals for all societies, associated with increased incomes, higher living standards, and better health.

What are development projects and NGOs?

Initiatives aimed at fostering economic growth and addressing social issues, often supported by non-governmental organizations.

What is the Triangular Trade?

A historical trade system involving Europe, Africa, and the Caribbean Islands, where enslaved people were transported from Africa to the Caribbean.

What are the cultural consequences of colonialism and globalization?

Changes in cultural practices and identities resulting from the influence of colonial powers and global interactions.

What is the concept of tradition/modernity/multiple modernities?

The interplay between traditional practices and modern influences, recognizing that societies can experience multiple forms of modernity.

What is the significance of Trobriand Cricket?

A cultural adaptation of cricket introduced to stop warfare, which incorporated local customs and political competition.

What does 'adoption' mean in the context of cultural change?

The process where individuals or groups take on the culture, practices, and ideas of outsiders as their own.

What is bricolage/indigenization?

Integrating elements of outsider culture into one's own life, creating a unique blend of traditions.

What does 'resistance' refer to in cultural change?

The rejection of outsider culture in favor of maintaining one's own cultural identity, which can occur on both large and small scales.

What is the Mivumba debate?

A discussion around the importation of second-hand clothes and its economic and cultural implications in African countries.

What are the economic and cultural advantages of Mivumba?

Provides affordable clothing options and supports cultural exchange, but also undermines local fashion industries.

What are the economic and cultural disadvantages of Mivumba?

Local fashion industries struggle to compete with the low prices of imported second-hand clothes.

What is the film BabaKiueria about?

A humorous depiction of the problematic nature of representing other cultures.

What does the term 'Bajan' refer to?

A term used to describe the people and culture of Barbados.

What are the themes explored in the film 'Life & Debt'?

The impact of globalization and economic policies on Jamaica's economy and society.

What is the historical context of Barbados regarding colonialism and tourism?

Barbados has a history shaped by colonialism, which significantly influenced its tourism industry.

What is the significance of the film clip 'Barbados: The First Slave Society'?

It highlights the historical context of slavery in Barbados and its lasting effects on society.

What is the importance of the reading 'Advertising and Global Culture'?

It examines how advertising shapes and reflects global cultural dynamics.

What are Kayosa competitions?

Cultural competitions in the Trobriand Islands that incorporate elements of local traditions and political significance.

What is the significance of the BBQ area in the context of colonization?

It reflects how colonizers renamed places, stripping them of their original cultural significance.

What is an example of humor usage mentioned in the notes?

People gambling on horse races while claiming they are praying.

How is rugby portrayed in the notes?

It is described as a barbaric activity associated with white people.

What kind of questions are described as being aimed at people to suggest laziness?

Weird questions that imply a negative stereotype.

What does 'putting on a front' refer to in the notes?

It refers to individuals hiding their true feelings behind a smile.

What do parents express about their preferences in the notes?

They claim they would rather go to work than go to the beach, indicating dishonesty.

What is the focus of the reading 'Cell Phones, Sharing, and Social Status in an African Society'?

It explores the relationship between technology and social dynamics in an African context.

What does the reading 'Using Cultural Skills for Cooperative Advantage' discuss?

It examines how cultural skills can be leveraged for mutual benefit in interactions.

What is the main theme of the reading '7 Worst International Aid Ideas'?

It critiques ineffective or harmful approaches to international aid.

What is cross-cultural interaction as mentioned in the notes?

It involves the blending of different musical styles, such as Rai music and its fusion with rock.

What does the film clip 'A Conversation with Koko' illustrate?

It shows the gorilla's playful nature and advanced capacity for symbolic language.

What is the definition of language according to the notes?

A system for communication.

What distinguishes a sign from a symbol?

A sign has a natural association with what it denotes, while a symbol is arbitrarily associated with a meaning by a culture.

What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

It posits that language shapes our understanding of the world, rather than merely coding ideas.

What is slang?

Informal language that develops quickly and is often associated with specific groups.

What is technical vocabulary?

A set of words used within a particular profession, often found in glossaries and manuals.

What is focal vocabulary?

A set of words particularly important to certain groups, like types of snow for Eskimos.

What does the film 'American Tongues' explore?

The diversity of dialects and ways of asking for a drink in America.

What is dialect?

A variant of a language spoken in a specific geographical area.

What is code-switching?

The practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation.

What is language shaming?

The act of looking down on someone based on their language or dialect.

What is a pidgin language?

A simplified hybrid language used for communication between two linguistic groups.

What is a creole language?

A pidgin language that has become a fully developed language learned as a first language by children.

What does the reading 'Suite for Ebony and Phonics' address?

It discusses issues related to language and identity, particularly in African American contexts.

What is the impact of media being predominantly in English or Spanish on native languages?

It is detrimental to the preservation and use of the multitude of native languages spoken in the Americas.

What is linguistic nationalism?

Attempts by countries to proclaim independence from outside influence by purging foreign terms from their languages and revising dying or lost languages.

What are the characteristics of rituals?

Rituals are formal, stylized, repetitive behaviors performed earnestly as social acts in special places at set times, including liturgical orders.

What are the three phases of a rite of passage?

1. Separation: withdrawal from a larger group; 2. Liminality: a limbo period between states; 3. Reincorporation: reentry into society.

What is the significance of the liminal phase in rites of passage?

It is a transitional state where participants are cut off from society and may experience inversions or gender reversals.

What does the film 'Becoming a Woman in Okrika' illustrate about rites of passage?

It shows the journey from child to woman and mother, highlighting the separation, liminality, and reincorporation phases.

What are the key components of religion as discussed in the notes?

Beliefs, worldview, invisible beings, moral order, practices, ritual, worship, and moral behavior.

How is magic defined in the context of the notes?

Magic involves the manipulation of unseen forces through ritual practices, often associated with moral order.

What is the Azande belief regarding witchcraft?

Witchcraft is seen as lacking morality, and violating group norms can mark someone as an outsider.

Who is E.E. Evans-Pritchard and what did he contribute to the understanding of witchcraft?

He studied the Azande and illustrated how beliefs in witchcraft can influence perceptions of events, such as attributing a death to witchcraft.