POLI Midterm

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Mercantalism

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97 Terms

1

Mercantalism

A system by which imperial governments used military power to enrich themselves and their supporters and used those riches to further strengthen the military

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2

Peace of Westphalia

Ended 30 Years War 1648 and created the modern state system because it included a general recognition of the principals of sovereignty and non intervention

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3

Sovereignty

The expectation that states have legal and political supremacy in their own territories

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4

Hegemony

The predominance of one state over others

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5

Gold Standard

Prevailing monetary system between 1870 and 1914; countries tied their currencies to gold at a legally fixed price

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6

Treaty of Versailles

Officially ended the first World War in 1919

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7

League of Nations

A collective security organization founded in 1911 after WWI. The League ended in 1946 and was replaced by the United Nations.

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8

NATO

An alliance formed in 1949 among the US, Canada, and Western Europe in response to the threat posed by the Soviet Union. The alliance requires members to consider an attack on one as an attack on all.

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9

Bretton Woods System

The economic order negotiated among allied nations at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944, which led to a series of cooperative arrangements involving a commitment to relatively low barriers to international trade and investment.

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10

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance formed in 1955 to bring together the Soviet Union and its Cold War allies in Eastern Europe and elsewhere; dissolved on March 31, 1991, as the Cold War ended.

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Interests

What actors want to achieve through political action; their preferences among the possible outcomes that might result from their political choices.

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12

Actors

The basic unit for the analysis of international politics; can be either individuals or groups of people with common interests.

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13

State

Central authority that has the ability to make and enforce laws, rules, and decisions within a specified territory

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14

Sovereignty

The expectation that states have legal and political supremacy within their territorial boarders

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15

Anarchy

The absence of a central authority with the ability to make/enforce laws that bind all actors

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16

National Interests

Interests attributed to the state itself, usually security and power

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17

Interactions

The ways in which the choices of two or more actors combine to produce political outcomes

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18

Cooperation

An interaction in which two or more actors adopt policies that make at least one actor better off relative to the status quo without making others worse off. Compare bargaining.

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19

Bargaining

An interaction in which two or more actors must decide how to distribute something of value. In bargaining, increasing one actor’s share of the good decreases the share available to others. Compare cooperation.

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20

Coordination

A type of cooperative interaction in which actors benefit from all making the same choices and subsequently have no incentive not to comply. Compare collaboration.

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21

Collaboration

A type of cooperative interaction in which actors gain from working together but nonetheless have incentives no to comply with any agreements

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22

Public Goods

Products that are non-excludable and non-rival in consumption, such as national defense or clean air or water.

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23

Collective Action Problem

Obstacles to cooperation that occur when actors have incentives to collaborate but each acts with the expectation that others will pay the costs of cooperation.

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24

Free Ride

To fail to contribute to a public good while benefiting from the contributions of others.

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25

Iteration

Repeated interactions with the same partners

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26

Linkage

The linkage of cooperation on one issue to interaction on a second issue

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27

Power

The ability of actor A to get actor B to do something that B would otherwise not do; the ability to get the other side to make concession and to avoid having to make concessions oneself

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Coercion

A strategy of imposing or threatening to impose costs on other activities in order to include a change in their behavior

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29

Outside Options

The alternative to bargaining with a specific actor

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30

Institutions

Sets of rules (known and shared by the relevant community) that structure interactions in specific ways

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31

War

An event involving the organized use of military force by at least two parties that reaches a minimum threshold of severity.

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32

Interstate War

A war in which the main participants are states.

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Civil War

A war in which the main participants are within the same states, such as a government and rebel group.

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Crisis Bargaining

A bargaining interaction in which at least one actor threatens to use force in the event that its demands are not met

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35

Coercive Diplomacy

The use of threats to advance specific demands in a bargaining interaction

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36

Bargaining Range

The set of deals that both parties in a bargaining interaction prefer over the reversion outcome. When the reversion outcome is war the bargaining range is the set of deals that both sides prefer over war.

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37

Compellance

An effort to change the status quo through the threat of force.

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38

Deterrence

An effort to preserve the status quo through the threat of force.

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39

Incomplete Information

A situation in which actors in a strategic interaction lack information about other actors interests and/or capabilities

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40

Resolve

The willingness of an actor to endure costs in order to acquire a particular good

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41

Risk- Return Trade-Off

In crisis bargaining, the trade-off between trying to get a better deal and truing to avoid a war

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42

Credibility

Believability. A credible threat is a threat that the target believes will be carried out. A credible commitment is a commitment or promise that the recipient believes will be honored.

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43

Brinkmanship

A strategy in which adversaries take action that increases the risk of accidental war, with the hope that the other will “blink” first and make concessions.

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Audience Costs

Negative repercussions for failing to follow through on a threat or to honor a commitment

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45

Preventive War

A war fought with the intention of preventing an adversary from becoming stronger in the future. Preventive wars arise because a state whose power is increasing can’t commit to not exploit that power in future bargaining interactions.

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46

First Strike Advantage

The situation that arises when military technology, military strategies, and/or geography give a significant advantage to whichever state attacks first in a war.

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Preemptive War

A war fought with the anticipation that an attack by the other side is imminent.

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48

Indivisible Good

A good what cannot be divided without destroying its value.

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49

Nationalism

A political ideology that prioritizes attachment to one’s nation, where nations are groups defined by common origin, ethnicity, language, or cultural ties

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50

Bureaucracy

Collection of organizations- including the military, diplomatic corps, and intelligence agencies- that carry out most tasks of governance with a state.

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51

Interest Groups

Groups of individuals with common interests that organize to influence public policy in a manner that benefits their members.

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52

Rally Effect

People’s tendency to become more supportive of their country’s government in times of dramatic international events, such as crises or war.

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53

Diversionary Incentive

The temptation that state leaders have to start international crisis in order to rally public support at home.

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54

Military-Industrial Complex

An alliance between military leaders and the industries that benefit from international conflict, such as arms manufacturers

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55

Democratic Peace

The observation that there are few, if any, clear cases of war between mature democratic states

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56

Democracy

A political system in which candidates compete for political office through frequent, fair elections in which a sizable portion of the adult population can vote.

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Autocracy

A political system in which an individual or small group exercises power with few constraints and non meaningful competition or participation by the general public

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58

Accountability

The ability to punish or reward leaders for the decisions they make, as when frequent, fair elections enable voters to hold elected officials responsible for their action by granting or withholding access to political office

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Alliances

Institutions that help their members cooperate military in the event of a war.

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60

Balance of Power

A situation in which the military capabilities of two states or groups of states are roughly equal.

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61

Bandwagoning

A strategy in which states join forces with the stronger side in a conflict

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Entrapment

The condition of being dragged into an unwanted war because of the opportunistic actions of an ally.

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63

Humanitarian Interventions

Interventions designed to relieve humanitarian cries stemming from civil conflicts or large-scale human rights abuses, including genocide.

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64

UN Security Council (UNSC)

The main governing body of the UN, which has the authority to identify threats to international peace and security and to prescribe the organization’s response, including military and/or economic sanctions

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Permanent Five (P5)

The five permanent members of the UNSC: the US, Great Britain, France, Russia, and China

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Veto Power

The ability to prevent the passage of a measure through a unilateral act, such as a single negative vote

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Peace-Enforcement Operation

A military operation in which force is used to make and/or enforce peace among warring parties that have not agreed to end their fighting

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Peacekeeping Operation

An operation in which troops and observers are deployed to monitor a cease-fire or peace agreement

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69

Terrorism

The use of threatened use of violence against noncombatant targets by individuals or nonstate groups for political ends

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70

Asymmetrical Warfare

Armed conflict between actors with highly unequal military capabilities, such as when rebel groups or terrorists fight strong states

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71

Separatist

An actor that seeks to create an independent state on territory carved from an existing state

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Irredentist

An actor that seeks to detach a region from one county and attach it to another, usually because of shared ethnic or religious ties.

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Proxy War

Conflicts in which two opposing states “fight” by supporting opposite sides in a war, such as the government and rebels in a third state

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Insurgency

A military strategy in which small, often lightly armed units engage in hit-and-run attacks against military, government and civilian targets

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75

Extremists

Actors whose interest are not widely shared by others; individuals or groups that are politically weak relative to the demands they make

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Provocation

A strategy of terrorist attacks intended to provoke the target government into making a disproportionate response that alienated moderates in the terrorists’ home society or in other sympathetic audiences

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Spoiling

A strategy of terrorist attacks intended to sabotage a prospective peace between the target and moderate leadership from the terrorists’ home society

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78

Outbidding

A strategy of terrorist attacks designed to demonstrate superior capability and commitment relative to other groups devoted to the same cause

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79

International Law

A body of rules that binds states and other agents in world politics and is considered to have the status of law

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80

International Humanitarian Law (Laws of War)

A body of rules that seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict, protect noncombatants, and restrict means and methods or warfare for humanitarian reasons

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81

Customary International Law

International law that usually develops slowly, over time, as states come to recognize practices as appropriate and correct

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82

Obligation

The degree to which states are legally bound by an international rule. High-obligation rules must be performed in good faith and, if breached, require reparations to the injured party

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Precision

The degree to which international legal obligations are fully specified. More precise rules narrow the scope for reasonable interpretation

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84

Delegation

The degree to which third parties, such as courts, arbitrators, or mediators, are given authority to implement, interpret, and apply international legal rules; to resolve disputes over the rules; and to make additional rules.

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85

Norms

Standards of behavior for actors with a given identity; norms define what actions are “right” or appropriate under particular circumstances

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86

Norms Entrepreneurs

Individuals or groups that seek to advance principle standards of behavior for states and other actors

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Transnational Advocacy Network (TAN)

A set of individuals and nongovernmental organization acting in pursuit of a normative objective

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Norms Life Cycle

A three-stage model of how norms diffuse within a population and achieve a take-for-granted status

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Private Authority

An expressive of legitimate rulemaking by nonstate actors in international affairs, including the establishment of norms governing the behavior of private global actors such as multinational corporations in international NGOs

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Boomerang Model

A process through which NGOs in one state are able to activate transnational linkages to bring pressure from other states on their own governments

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91

Decolonization

The process of colonial possessions winning independence, especially during the rapid end of the European empires in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean between the 1940s and 1960s.

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Cold War

A state of political hostility between countries characterized by threats, propaganda, and other measures short of open warfare

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Agenda Setting

Actions taken before or during bargaining that make the reversion outcome more favorable for one party

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Security Dilemma

A dilemma that arises when efforts that sates make to defend themselves cause other states to feel less secure; can lead to arms races and war because of the fear of being attacked

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United Nations

A collective security organization founded in 1945 after World War II. With over 190 members, all recognized states are included.

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Collective Security Organizations

Broad-based institutions that promote peace and security among their members.

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97

Genocide

International and systematic killing aimed at eliminating an identifiable group of people, such as an ethnic or religious group

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