chapter 3 anatomy and physiology honors

what is a cell

the structural and functional unit of living organisms

what elements are cells composed of

carbon, fiber, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

cells are about __% of water

60

what are the three main regions of the cell

plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

what is a plasma membrane? how is it arranged

phospholipid arrangement, hydrophilic and hydrophobic

what do fibroblasts do?

secretes cable like fibers

what does erythrocytes do

carries oxygen into the blood stream

what is a solution

a homogenous mixture of two or more components

what are the parts of a solution? describe each

solvents - the substance a solute will dissolve in (water)
solute - the substance that dissolves to form a solution (sugar)

how is passive transport different from active transport?

passive transport doesn't need any input from the cell (no energy)
active transport the cell provides the energy (needs energy)

what happens in diffusion

unassisted movement of solutes small enough to pass through membrane pores

what happens in osmosis

simple diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

what happens in exocytosis

large materials exiting the cell

what happens in endocytosis

large material entering the cell

What is mitosis?

divides the nucleus

what are the phases of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

what are tissues

Groups of cells with similar structure and function

what are the primary types of tisue

epithelial, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

where is epithelial located

body coverings, body innings, glandular tissue

what are the functions of epithelial tissue

protection, secretion, absorption, filtration

how is epithelial tissue classified

number of cell layers

simple squamous

located in membranes
lines air sacs (lungs)
forms serous membrane that covers organs in ventral cavity
forms walls of capillars

simple cuboidal

located in glands, ducts and kidney tubes
covers the surface of ovaries

simple columnar

located in the lining of the digest tract (stomach to anus) and mucous cavities
gobler cells secrete mucous

pseudostratified columnar

located in the respiratory tract, pseudostratified client columnar epithelium

stratified squamous

located in skin, esophagus, and mouth
a protective covering where friction is present

stratified cuboidal

located mainly in ducts of large glands
rare in human body

stratified columnar

located mainly in ducts of large glands
rare in human body

transitional epithelia

located in the lining of urinary system organs
stretching and the ability to return to normal shape

glandular epithelia

located in glands
one or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product

what are the characteristics of connective tissue

variations in blood supply, extracellular matrix

bone

located in the entire body
protects and supports the body

hyaline cartilage

located in the trachea
covers ends of long bones and attached ribs

elastic cartilage

located in the external ear
provides elasticity, supports the external ear

fibrocartilage

located between the spine and vertebrae
forms cushion-like discs

dense regular fibrous tissue

located in tendons and ligaments
attach skeletal muscle to bone, attach bones at joints and are more elastic than tendons

dense irregular connective tissue

located in the dermis layers of skin
cushions the body

areolar

located in the connective tissue
functions as a universal packing tissue and "glue" to hold organs in place

adipose

located in the subcutaneous tissue between skin
insulates the body, protects some organs, site of fuel storage

reticular

located in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow
forms stroma of organs which can support free blood cells

blood

located in the entire body
transport vehicle for the cardiovascular system

what does muscle tissue do

produces movement

skeletal muscle

attached to the skeleton and pull on bones/skin
produces gross body movements (facial expressions)

cardiac muscle

Located only in the heart
pumps blood through blood vessels

smooth muscle

located in the walls of hollow organs, such as stomach, uterus, and blood vessels
peristalsis, a wavelike motion, is typical activity

what is the function of nervous tissue

receive and conduct electrochemical impulses to and from body parts

what is nervous tissue composed of

neurons and nerve support cells

what is regeneration

replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

what is fibrosis

repair by dense connective tissue (scar tissue)

what determines the type of wound healing that will occur?

what type of tissue is damaged and severity of the injury

what are the events of tissue repair

1. inflammation 2. capillars become permeable 3. clotting proteins migrate to the bloodstream 4. clotting blocks injured area 5. granulation tissue forms 6. new capillars 7. phagocytosis disposes blood clots and fibroblasts 8. rebuilds collagen fibers 9. regeneration 10. scab detaches

which tissues regenerate easily

epithelial tissue, fibrous connective tissue and bone

which tissues regenerate poorly

skeletal muscle

which tissues will be replaced by scar tissue

cardiac muscle, nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

what is neoplasm

represent abnormal cell masses in which normal controls on cell division are not working

what is hyperplasia

increase in size of a tissue or organ may occur when tissue is strongly stimulated or irritated

what is atrophy

decrease in size of a tissue or organ occurs when the organ is no longer stimulated normally