AP Psych Unit #8: Treatments

Psychotherapy (talk therapies)

• Therapy

• Each approach or school of thought has a different form

BioMedical

• Medication

• Surgical Procedures

• Mind-Body Connection

Eclectic

Mix of Psychotherapies

Insight Therapies

Psychodynamic/analytic and Humanistic Approaches; Psychological problems diminish as self awareness grows

Nonmaleficence

Protect the rights and welfare of their clients

Fidelity

Uphold morals of others in profession

Integrity

Remove deception and misrepresentation

Confidentiality

Repect for people’s rights and dignity

Psychoanalytic Theory

• Goals: bring repressed feelings into the concscious awareness

  • Freud

  • Today’s use is rare (time consuming)

• Techniques:

  • Free Association

  • Resistence

  • Transference

  • Analyze Dreams (Manfest and Latent Content)

• Look at unconscious forces

• Look at childhood experiences

Humanistic vs. Psychoanalytic

1. Focus on present and future more than the past

2. Focus on conscious rather than unconscious feelings

3. Take immedicate responsibility rather than uncover hidden sources

4. Promote growth versus cure

Client/Person Centered or Nondirective Therapy (Humanistic Theory)

• Goals: create an environment that promotes self-awareness and acceptance.

  • Developed by Carl Rogers

• Technique:

  • Nondirective therapist listens without judegment or interpreting.

  • Environment needs acceptance, genuineness, empathy

  • Unconditional Positive Regard

  • Active Listening:

    • Paraphrase

    • Invite clarification

    • Reflect feelings

Behaviorist Theory

• Goal:

  • Apply learning principles (Operant and Classical) to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.

  • Change maladaptive behaviors and replace them with appropriate behaviors

Counter/Conditioning (Behavior Theory)

• Goals: pairs a trigger stimulus with a new response

• Developed by:

  • Mary Cover Jones: “Mother of Behavior Therapy”

  • Joseph Wolpe: Builds on M.C.J. Ideas

Types of Counter Conditioning

• Classical Conditioning

• Types:

  • Exposure therapy: expose people to what they are normally afraid of

  • Systematic Desensitization: use Classical Conditioning to associate a relaed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli.

    • Anxiety Hierarchy

    • Progressive Relaxation

    • Replace fear with relaxation

  • Aversive Conditioning: associated an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

    • Want to create an aversion to something people SHOULD avoid.

Operant Conditioning

• Goals: increase behaviors through positive reinforcement and remove unwanted by like os positive reinforcement. (Behavior Modification)

• Types:

  • Token Economy:

    • Use reward to encourage wanted behaviors.

    • Shift from simple rewards to rewards that are more common in real world situation.

    • Effective in group situations (homes, institutions, hospitals)

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT; Cognitive Theory)

• Goals: Correct irrational thinking by revealiing absurdity in their thoughts

• Who: Albert Ellis

• Technique:

  • Help patients recognize and change self-defeating thoughts by discussing the patient’s ABCs.

    • Actions

    • Beliefs about the actions and

    • Consequences of those beliefs

Cognitive Therapy (Cognitive Theory)

• Goals: aims to reverse client’s self-defeating thought through gentle questioning.

• Who: Aaron Beck

• Technique:

  • Leading Questioning

  • Patient may keep diary of events and associated feelings (Homework)

  • Cognitive Restructing: identify thoughts/distortions, refute them, and then modify them.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (Cognitive Theory)

• Goals: leanr to regulate and to tolerate their emotions.

• Combines behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and mindfulness.

  • Separate yourself from the emotion

  • Remove cognitive distortions

  • Walk a middle line of thought (two truths at the same time)

• Most often used with Borderline Personality Disorders (not also PTSD, depression, earing disorders).

• Combine one on one with group sessions (contain homework and interaction).

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT; Cognitive & Behavior Theory)

• Goals: alters the way people think AND act

• Technique:

  • Make people aware of irrational thoughts

  • Replace with new thinking/thoughts

  • Practice more positive approach

Group Therapy (Group Help)

• Technique:

  • People with the ame diagnosis/issues meet at one group

  • 6-9 people for about 90 minutes

• Benefits:

  • Saves time and money

  • Develops social skills and behaviors

  • Help clients realize they are not “the only” or “unique”

  • Feedback

Evaluation

• Terms:

  • Meta-Analysis

  • Regression Towards the Mean

  • Eveidence-Based Practice

• Ideas:

  • Therapy is most effective when the problem is clear cut.

  • Those not undergoing therapy do improve but those in treatment improve faster.

  • Offer hope, an explanation, and an ampathetic relationship.

Eye Movement Desensitizatin and Reprocessing (EMDR)

• Who: Francine Shapiro

• Technique: Rapidly moving one’s eyes while recalling traumatic events that were previously frozen.

Light Exposure Therapy

• Goals: treat seasonal affective disorder

• Technique: a specialized box emits light of greater intensity than produced by outside light or indoor fixtures.

BioMedical Therapies

• Definition: physically changing the brain’s functioning

• Types:

  • Drugs

  • Electroconvulsive shock

  • Magnetic impulses

  • Psychosurgery

Anti-Anxiety Drugs

• Technique: used to control anxiety and agitation

  • Slow sympathetic nervous system

  • Slow central nervous system

• Types:

  • Benzodiazepines:

    • Xanax

    • Ativan

    • Valium

    • Librium

• Side Effects: drowsiness, reduced concentration, lethargy, dependence

Mood Stabilizing or Antimanic Drugs (BioMedical Therapy)

• Technique: Treat Bipolar Disorder (the mania)

• Types: Lithium is the most common

• Side Effects: Toxic Levels

AntiPsychotic Drugs (BioMedical Therapy)

• Goal: treat Schizophrenia/psychosis

• Types:

  • Block serotonin/dopamine: Seroquel, Risperdal, Zyprexa

  • Aypical (treat negative symptoms)

    • Clozaril

• Side Effects: sluggish, weight gain, tardive dyskinesia, decreease white blood cell count

Antidepressant Drugs (BioMedical Therapy)

• Technique: Increase Norepinephrine or Serotonin

• Types:

  • SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)

    • Prozac (most widely used)

    • Zoloft

  • SNRIs (increase norepinephrine)

    • Effexor, Cymbalta

• Side Effects: Dry mouth, constipation, headaches, weight gain

Brain Stimulation (BioMedical Therapy)

• Types:

  • Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

    • Used to treat serious depression

    • Place two electrodes on the outside of the head and pass a moderate amount of electrical current through the brain

  • Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

    • Alternative to ECT

    • Place pulsating magnetic coil over the prefrontal regions of the brain

    • Treats depression

Psychosurgery (BioMedical Therapy)

• Definition: surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

• Types:

  • Lobotomy: cuts the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling center of the inner brain.

Therapeutic Lifestyle Change

• Techniques:

  • Exercise

  • Sleep

  • Light Exposure

  • Social Connection

  • Anti-rumination

  • Nutritional supplements