Personal Health Ch 9

1/3 of deaths related to alcohol are related to

car crashes, falls, suicide, and other acute conditions

117,000 deaths per year are from

chronic alcohol related conditions

2-10% of alcohol is

not metabolized in the liver, but excreted unchanged by the lungs, kidneys,

2/3 of death related to alcohol are related to

diseases

20% of alcohol is absorbed through the

stomach

24% of men and 14% of women use

tobacco

3 or more drinks per day combined with over-the-counter medications can lead to

stomach bleeding and liver damage

30% of all cancer deaths are caused by

smoking

5% of alcohol is absorbed through the

bloodstream down the gastrointestinal tract

75% of alcohol is absorbed through the

small intestine

87% of lung cancer deaths are caused by

smoking

90% of smokers start before

age 19

94% of adults who plan to quit smoking

start smoking again within a year

absorption

The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, what is a safe level of alcohol use during pregnancy?

none

According to the CDC National Health Interview Survey in 2021, what percentage of Americans aged 18 and over were cigarette smokers?

12%

activities that many smokers habitually associate with tobacco use

drinking alcohol

studying

drinking coffee

additives that mask the often-bitter taste of tobacco as it burns

licorice, cocoa, honey, and other sugars

alcohol

The intoxicating ingredient in fermented or distilled beverages; a colorless, pungent liquid.

alcohol hangover

a consequence of drinking too much alcohol; symptoms include headache, fatigue, dizziness, muscle aches, nausea and vomiting, sensitivity to light and sound, extreme thirst, and mood disturbances

alcohol

the most popular psychoactive drug in the western world

Alcohol is a depressant on the

central nervous system.

Alcohol is associated with

40% of all murders, assaults, and rapes

Alcohol metabolism in women differs from that of men

Women have menstrual hormone fluctuations.

Women have four times less active stomach enzymes.

alcohol misuse

Drinking in a manner, situation, amount, or frequency that could cause harm to the person who is engaging in drinking or to those around them.

alcohol poisoning

a severe and potentially fatal physical reaction to an alcohol overdose

alcohol use among Hispanic Americans

Drunk driving and cirrhosis are the most common causes of alcohol-related death and injury among Hispanic men.

Hispanic women are more likely to abstain from alcohol than white or Black women.

alcohol use disorder

A brain disorder characterized by the use of alcohol or impairment in functioning due to alcohol use in spite of negative health and interpersonal consequences to the individual; characterized by tolerance to alcohol and withdrawal symptoms.

alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND)

Cognitive and behavioral problems seen in people whose mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy.

Alcoholics Anonymous

12 step self-help program that provides social support for achieving sobriety. Encourages verbalization of responsibility for the addiction.

angina pectoris

Chest pain due to coronary heart disease.

at higher alcohol concentrations like .1-.2%

interferes with motor coordination, verbal performance, and intellectual functions.

atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular disease caused by the deposit of fatty substances (called plaque) in the walls of the arteries.

BAC of drivers in fatal crashes

.08

basic types of alcoholic beverages

beer, ales, wines, table wines, hard liquor

Because most cigar and pipe smokers do not , as a group they have a lower risk of cancer than cigarette smokers.

inhale the smoke

benefits of quitting smoking

24 hours: Risk of MI decreases

2-3 weeks: Circulation increases; lung function increases by 30%

1 year: Risk of CAD is 1/2 that of smokers

5 years: Stroke risk is similar to baseline

10 years: 1/2 lung cancer death rate, decrease in risk of cancers

15 years: CAD risk similar to baseline

binge drinking

Consuming four or more drinks for women and five or more drinks for men within a period of two hours.

binge-drinkers are 3-7x more likely to

engage in unsafe/unprotected sex, drive after drinking, get hurt, fall behind in schoolwork, and argue with friends

binge-drinking

drinking five or more alcoholic drinks at one sitting

blood alcohol concentration

the amount of alcohol in a person's blood, expressed as a percentage

blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

The amount of alcohol in the blood expressed as the percentage of alcohol in a deciliter of blood; used as a measure of intoxication.

body weight

in most cases, a smaller person develops a higher BAC than a larger person after drinking the same amount of alcohol

carbonation

increases the rate of alcohol absorption into the bloodstream

carcinogen

any substance that causes cancer

cardiac myopathy

Weakening of the heart muscle through disease.

cerebral cortex

The outer region of the brain, which controls complex behavior and mental activity.

Chronic alcohol use causes

upregulation of glutamate NMDA receptors (excitatory)

2. down regulation of GABA receptors (inhibitory)

increased central NE activity

loss of brain function, changes to the brains structure, interferes with the production of brain cells in unborn children, young children, adolescence, and young adults. Also may affect neurogenesis in adults

chronic bronchitis

Recurrent, persistent inflammation of the bronchial tubes.

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

a lung disease in which it is hard to breathe; COPD

cigarette tar

A brown, sticky mass created when the chemical particles in tobacco smoke condense.

cirrhosis

A disease in which the liver is severely damaged by alcohol, other toxins, or infection.

cocarcinogen

A substance that works with a carcinogen to cause cancer.

Compared to nonsmokers, cigar smokers have increased risks of

pancreatic cancer

cancer of the larynx

heart disease

coronary heart disease (CHD)

Cardiovascular disease caused by hardening of the arteries that supply oxygen to the heart muscle; also called coronary artery disease.

delirium tremens (the DTs)

A state of confusion brought on by the reduction of alcohol intake in an alcohol-dependent person; other symptoms are sweating, trembling, anxiety, hallucinations, and seizures.

dose-response function

the relationship between the amount of a drug taken and the intensity and type of the resulting effect

e-cigarettes

Battery-operated devices that produce a vapor that contains nicotine, which can then be inhaled.

effects of alcohol can be felt at

a BAC of .02-.05%. These effects can include light-headedness, relaxation, and a release of inhibitors. Most drinkers experience euphoria and become more sociable.

emphysema

A disease characterized by a loss of lung tissue elasticity and destruction of the air sacs, impairing the lungs' ability to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.

environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)

Smoke that enters the atmosphere from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe, as well as smoke that is exhaled by smokers; also called secondhand smoke.

ets effects

*Develop cough, headaches, nasal discomfort, eye irritation, breathlessness, sinus problems

*Those with allergies tend to suffer the most

*Causes 3,400 deaths due to lung cancer

*Contributes to about 46,000 overall deaths each year

*20% increase in the progression of atherosclerosis

*Contributes to increased asthma attacks, and increased risk for breast and cervical cancers

fatal accidents involving drinking

31% of fatal drownings

34% of fatal burn injuries

37% of fatal falls

Federal legal BAC for drivers under 21

.08%

fetal alcohol syndrome

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking

flushing syndrome

a condition when skin feels hot, heart and respiration rates increase, and a person feels vomiting and have headache or break out.

From which organs is alcohol excreted unchanged by the body?

the lungs, sweat glands

gay adults smoke who smoke are

27%

half of all college student treatment admissions are

primary alcohol misuse

healthcare related to smoking costs

$437 billion per year

heroin and other narcotics are

dangerous when combined with alcohol

heterosexual adults who smoke are

18%

hookah

A pipe used for smoking specially flavored tobacco (e.g., apple, mint, cherry); sometimes called a water pipe or shisha.

How many times more particles does unfiltered cigarette smoke contain compared to smoggy urban air?

50,000 times

how to prevent smoking

educate on peer pressure

educate on media influences

educate on effects of smoking

training in refusal skills