Serotonin Exam 3

brain stem

Serotonin is produced by clusters of neurons in the __ ___

14

There are ___ subtypes of serotonin receptors

monoamine

Serotonin is a ____

axon terminal

Serotonin is synthesized in the __ ___

no

Is serotonin a catecholamine?

Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)

___ ___ converts tryptophan into serotonin

VMAT2

____ loads serotonin into the vesicles

7

There are __ families of serotonin receptors

3

5-HT__ is the only ionotropic receptor

inhibitory, decrease

5-HT1A and 5HT5 are ___ and ___ cAMP

hyperpolarize, Gi

5-HT1A and 5HT5 ___ the cell by coupling to a ___ protein

- allows for potassium to open

TPH

___ is the rate limiting enzyme in serotonin synthesis

excitatory calcium

5-HT2A is ___ and it increases intracellular ___ and activates protein kinase C

Gq

5-HT2A is coupled to ___ which activates intracellular signaling cascades

SERT (5-HTT)

Serotonin is removed from the synapse by the serotonin transporter ______

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

____ block SERT, increasing serotonin levels in the synapse

SSRI

Prozac is a ____

Raphe nuclei

Serotonin is released from clusters of neurons located in the brain stem called ___ ___

Serotonin

Functions of ____ include modulating the sleep-wake cycle, eating behaviors, anxiety, impulsivity, and mood

Modulate

Does serotonin modulate or directly control behavior?

Dorsal Raphe Nucleus (DRN)

The ____ is the largest serotonergic nucleus

Brain stem, hypothalamus, lateral habenula, prefrontal cortex

4 major inputs to the DRN

Stress coping

Serotonin has a big role in __ __

Wakefulness

Since serotonin is related to the sleep wake cycle, it might be a product of ____

Increased

Serotonin transporter (SERT) knockout mice have ___ susceptibility to stress, anxiety, sleep disturbances, aggression, and depression like behavior

Convert

Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH2) knockout mice can't ___ tryptophan and show increased aggression

Aggressive

Mice with low serotonin are more ___

Increased

5-HT1A receptor knockout mice show ___ anxiety like behavior (avoid open spaces)

Reduces

5HT1A activation ____ anxiety and stress

Passive

5HT1A is involved in ___ coping (reduces anxiety and aggression and increases resilience and patients)

Active

5-HT2A is involved in ___ coping (promotes behavioral flexibility and helps respond to stress through active problem solving and decision making)

Delayed

Behavioral effects due to SSRIs are ___

Downregulate, less

Over time, serotonin auto receptors ____, allowing more serotonin to be released and (less/more) negative feedback at the terminal

neuroadaptations

Chronic SSRI use leads to ___ in the brain

silent, hippocampus, GABA

Chronic SSRI use causes expression of previously ___ serotonin receptors (5HT5A) in the ___

- These are found on ____ergic interneurons

hippocampus

The ___ plays a key role in regulating stress responses

Depression

___ is dysregulation of the stress system

No

Do SSRIs work for everyone?

Ketamine

_____ has shown promise in providing rapid relief of depressive symptoms

NMDA receptor agonist

Ketamine is a ____ _____ _____

combination

____ therapy is often the most effective therapy

No

Does depression present the same in all individuals?

serotonin

___ is crucial for stress-coping, making it the primary target for antidepressants

Holistic

A ___ approach is often the most effective way to manage depression

Reserpine

____ inhibits vesicular update and is used for sedation and to treat depressive symptoms