Cabinet Lecture Review: Respiratory, Oral, Gastrointestinal, and Diagnostic Pharmacology

Vocabulary flashcards covering antiasthmatic and COPD preparations, nasal decongestants, oral antiseptics, systemic corticosteroids, laxatives, PPIs, antihistamines, and diagnostic contrast media from the lecture notes.

Salmeterol xinafoate + Fluticasone propionate (Seretide)

A combination inhaler containing Salmeterol (a long-acting $\beta_2$ agonist bronchodilator) and Fluticasone (a corticosteroid controller), indicated for reversible obstructive airways disease (ROAD) including asthma, and COPD.

Salbutamol (Ventolin)

A short-acting $\beta_2$-adrenergic agonist (SABA) that functions as a quick-acting reliever bronchodilator for the treatment and prevention of bronchospasm in asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema.

Fluticasone furoate (Avamys)

A corticosteroid nasal spray that works by reducing swelling in nasal passages to treat seasonal and year-round allergy symptoms such as runny nose, itching, and sneezing.

Fluticasone propionate (Nasoflo)

A topically active, synthetic trifluorinated corticosteroid nasal spray; overdosage may lead to adrenocortical suppression.

Oxymetazoline HCl (Drixine) 0.05%

A nasal decongestant used for temporary relief of common cold, sinusitis, and upper respiratory allergies; usage must not exceed $3$ consecutive days to prevent rebound nasal congestion.

Sodium Chloride (Muconase) 0.65%

A gentle saline nasal spray used daily to liquefy accumulated mucus and restore moisture to dry nasal passages without causing rebound congestion.

Hexetidine (Bactidol)

A $0.1\%$ bactericidal and fungicidal topical antiseptic mouthwash used for local infections, oral hygiene, and disinfection of the oral and vaginal mucosa.

Povidone-Iodine (Betadine) Gargle

A $1\%$ oral germicide solution carrying iodine reserves in a povidone storage core to minimize skin irritation while relieving sore throat, mouth sores, and maintaining oral hygiene.

Chlorhexidine digluconate (Hyclens) 0.12%

A bisbiguanide antiseptic and disinfectant oral solution with bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity against gram-negative and gram-positive vegetative bacteria, yeasts, dermatophyte fungi, and lipophilic viruses.

DenCytol Gargle

An alcohol-free oral rinse containing chlorhexidine gluconate $0.05\%$, cetylpyridinium chloride $0.05\%$, and zinc gluconate $0.14\%$ used against gum diseases, oral malodor, sore throat, and as a pre- and post-operative oral surgery rinse.

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

A first-generation antihistamine acting as an inverse agonist at the $H_1$ receptor; indicated for allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, motion sickness, and parkinsonism (including drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions).

Prednisone (Prolix)

A synthetic corticosteroid converted in the liver to active prednisolone, possessing potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions; drug of choice for autoimmune hemolytic anemia and multiple myeloma.

Cetirizine + Phenylephrine (Alnix Plus)

A combination of a second-generation antihistamine and an $\alpha_1$-adrenergic agonist nasal decongestant that constricts dilated arteries in the nasal mucosa to relieve clogged nose, sneezing, and watery eyes.

Zinc Sulfate Monohydrate (E-zinc)

A WHO essential medicine supplement used to correct zinc deficiency and as an adjunct in managing acute diarrhea with reduced osmolarity; best taken at least $1\,\text{hour}$ before or $2\,\text{hours}$ after meals.

Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)

An analgesic and antipyretic listed as a WHO essential medicine; maximum adult daily dose is $3$ to $4\,g$, produces the toxic metabolite NAPQI during metabolism, and uses N-acetylcysteine as an antidote.

Ibuprofen (Dolan)

A non-selective COX inhibitor NSAID with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties, which should be avoided with aspirin, other NSAIDs, and aminoglycosides due to increased toxicity or bleeding risks.

Oral Rehydration Salts (Hydrite)

An oral formulation containing NaCl $520\,mg$, trisodium citrate dihydrate $580\,mg$, KCl $300\,mg$, and glucose anhydrous $2.7\,g$ used to treat dehydration caused by diarrhea.

Lactulose

A synthetic disaccharide osmotic laxative containing galactose and fructose that is metabolized by colonic bacteria to lower pH, treating constipation as well as hepatic coma or precoma.

Cathartic Colon

A condition caused by chronic use of stimulant laxatives that produces a poorly functioning colon and mimics the symptoms of ulcerative colitis.

Fleet Enema

A rectally administered cathartic containing monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate that draws fluid into the bowel to hydrate and soften stool prior to rectal exams.

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

Medications that irreversibly inhibit the $H^+/K^+$ ATPase pump in parietal cells to block gastric acid secretion; best taken $30\,\text{minutes}$ to $1\,\text{hour}$ before food on an empty stomach.

Montelukast

A selective, orally active leukotriene receptor antagonist used as the drug of choice for aspirin-induced asthma, taken in the evening for asthma or $2$ to $3\,\text{hours}$ prior to exercise.

Levocetirizine (Allerzet, Xyzal)

A second-generation antihistamine representing the R-enantiomer of cetirizine, used for symptomatic relief of watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing, and itching.

Ebastine + Betamethasone (Co-aleva)

A combination drug containing an $H_1$ antagonist (ebastine) and a long-acting corticosteroid (betamethasone) used to treat seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria.

Loratadine (Claritine)

A long-acting tricyclic second-generation antihistamine with minimal CNS and sedative effects, classified under Pregnancy Category B.

Ipratropium + Salbutamol (Duavent, Combivent)

A combination of a quaternary ammonium anticholinergic and a SABA, serving as the drug of choice for bronchospasm associated with COPD, $\beta$-blocker induced bronchospasm, and asthma in diabetic patients.

Budesonide (Budecort)

An inhaled glucocorticoid (ICS) that provides local anti-inflammatory effects in the lungs as maintenance treatment for bronchial asthma.

Hydrocortisone

A short-acting corticosteroid serving as the drug of choice for acute adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) and hormone replacement.

Cushing's Syndrome

A disorder resulting from excess cortisol or corticosteroid therapy, characterized by a moon face, buffalo hump, truncal obesity, hirsutism, striae, hypertension, osteoporosis, and glucose intolerance.

Methylprednisolone Acetate (Depo-Medrol)

An intermediate-acting glucocorticoid injectable suspension that is explicitly not for IV use, formulated for IM, intra-articular, or intralesional administration.

Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate (Solu-Medrol)

A synthetic glucocorticoid salt available in $40\,mg$, $500\,mg$, and $1\,g$ vials for IM or IV administration, converted in the body into active prednisolone.

Amphotericin B with Hydrocortisone Interaction

Concomitant administration of hydrocortisone and potassium-depleting agents like amphotericin B injection increases the risk of severe hypokalemia, cardiac enlargement, and congestive heart failure.

Iohexol (Omnihexol)

A nonionic, water-soluble iodinated contrast agent used in CT scans to enhance visibility of internal structures like blood vessels, brain, spine, and abdominal organs.

Iopamidol

A nonionic iodinated radiographic contrast medium used in CT scans and angiography that opacifies vessels along the path of blood flow.

Gadobutrol (Gadovist)

A gadolinium-based contrast agent used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to alter signal intensity and differentiate healthy from pathological tissues.

Montelukast + Levocetirizine (Singulair-D)

A combination medication that includes Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, and Levocetirizine, a second-generation antihistamine, used for allergic rhinitis and asthma management.

Fluticasone + Salmeterol (Advair)

A combination inhaler featuring Fluticasone, a corticosteroid, and Salmeterol, a long-acting beta-2 agonist, indicated for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Dexamethasone

A potent synthetic corticosteroid used for its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, commonly used in conditions like severe allergies, skin diseases, and inflammation.

Brompheniramine (Dimetapp)

A first-generation antihistamine used to relieve symptoms of allergy, hay fever, and colds, effective in treating rhinitis, sneezing, and itching.

Azelastine (Astelin)

A dual-action nasal antihistamine that alleviates allergy symptoms by blocking histamine receptors and inhibiting the release of histamine from cells.

Codeine Phosphate

An opiate used to treat mild to moderate pain and to relieve cough; categorized as a controlled substance due to its potential for addiction and misuse.

Mometasone Furoate (Nasonex)

A nasal corticosteroid spray used for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps, effective in reducing inflammation and allowing easier breathing.