Ch 14 class Maternity

Vocabulary flashcards highlighting key pediatric birth-defect and neonatal-care terms from Chapter 14 lecture.

Structural birth defect

Visible malformation present at birth (e.g., cleft palate, spina bifida, clubfoot).

Functional birth defect

Impaired body process present at birth (e.g., cerebral palsy, blindness, deafness).

Metabolic birth defect

Inborn error of biochemical pathways (e.g., PKU, cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell disease).

Congenital malformation

Structural defect existing at or before birth; includes neural tube defects, cleft lip, etc.

Inborn error of metabolism

Genetic disorder that disrupts normal biochemical processing (e.g., PKU, MSUD).

Chromosomal abnormality

Numerical or structural chromosome error such as Down or Turner syndrome.

Perinatal injury

Trauma incurred during birth (e.g., brachial plexus injury, clavicle fracture).

March of Dimes

Organization devoted to preventing birth defects and improving maternal-infant health.

Neural tube defect (NTD)

Failure of neural tube closure causing spinal or cranial malformations (e.g., spina bifida, hydrocephalus).

Folic acid supplementation

400 µg daily vitamin recommended for women of child-bearing age to prevent NTDs.

Hydrocephalus

Excess cerebrospinal fluid within brain ventricles leading to enlarged head and ↑ICP.

Non-communicating hydrocephalus

CSF flow blocked inside ventricular system before reaching subarachnoid space.

Communicating hydrocephalus

CSF flows through ventricles but is inadequately reabsorbed in subarachnoid space.

Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt

Surgical device that diverts CSF from ventricles to peritoneal cavity to relieve hydrocephalus.

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP)

Rise in pressure inside skull; signs include ↑BP, ↓pulse, ↓respirations, bulging fontanel, high-pitched cry.

Bulging fontanel

Protrusion of infant’s soft cranial spot; early indicator of ↑ICP.

Spina bifida

Congenital spinal defect from incomplete vertebral closure; forms include occulta and cystica.

Spina bifida occulta

Hidden bony defect without external sac; may show dimple or tuft of hair.

Spina bifida cystica

Open defect with external sac containing meninges ± spinal cord (meningocele/myelomeningocele).

Meningocele

Spinal sac containing meninges and CSF but no neural tissue; minimal neuro deficit.

Myelomeningocele

Protrusion of meninges, CSF, and spinal cord; causes paralysis and hydrocephalus risk.

Latex-food syndrome

Cross-reactivity between latex and foods like banana, avocado, kiwi, strawberry; common in spina bifida.

Habilitation

Therapies that help congenitally disabled children maximize remaining abilities rather than regain lost ones.

Cleft lip

Fissure in upper lip from failed fusion of maxillary & medial nasal processes.

Cheiloplasty

Surgical repair of cleft lip, usually performed around 3 months of age.

Cleft palate

Midline opening in hard/soft palate creating oral-nasal communication.

Palatoplasty

Surgical closure of cleft palate, typically at 12–18 months.

Elbow restraints

Soft splints applied post-cleft repair to keep infant’s hands away from incision.

Clubfoot (talipes equinovarus)

Congenital foot deformity with inward/downward twisting causing toe-walking on outer edge.

Ponseti method

Serial casting technique changed weekly to gradually correct clubfoot.”},{