TCN_CHAPTER 4:Middle East

The Middle East is a region that encompasses__

Asia, Africa, and Europe.

The United Nations recognizes__ countries in the Middle

East

17

Arabian Peninsula

Saudi Arabia

Yemen

Oman

United Arab Emirates

(UAE)

Qatar

Kuwait

Levant

Jordan

Lebanon

Syria

Israel

Palestine

Other countries (IN MIDDLE EAST)

Egypt

Iraq

Iran

Cyprus

Turkey

Known as the "Cradle of Civilization" because some

of the earliest human civilizations (Mesopotamia,

Ancient Egypt) began here.

MIDDLE EAST

TRUE OR FALSE- Not all Arabs are Muslims, and not all Muslims are

Arab.

TRUE

people from the__world (Morocco to the

___Gulf) who speak __ and identify with __

culture.

ARAB, ARABIAN, ARABIC, ARAB

followers of Islam

Muslims

It is the birthplace of the world's three major

monotheistic religions.

MIDDLE EAST

Christianity, Judaism, Islam

THE 3 MAJOR RELIGIONS

Believe in one God, Jesus Christ as the Son of God and Savior.

CHRISTIANITY

Bible as sacred scripture.

CHRISTIANITY

Most Christians do not have strict food prohibitions, but

some groups (e.g., Orthodox Christians) observe fasting during

Lent.

Dietary

Some may request prayer or clergy visits for healing.

Prayer and Faith Healing

A priest administers the "last rites, "which include the Anointing of the Sick, confession, and Holy Communion.

END-OF-LIFE CARE

The family may hold a vigil or wake. The funeral Mass and burial or

cremation follow.

END-OF-LIFE CARE

JUDAISM

Monotheism: belief in one God(Yahweh). Torah as sacred scripture (law, ethics, and tradition)

belief in one God(Yahweh).

Monotheism

Refers to a set of dietary laws set in the Old Testament that governs the selection and preparation of food.

"Kosher"

originates from the Hebrew word "kasher" meaning "proper" or "pure."

Kosher

In order to be considered __, a food must be supervised and certified by a Rabbi.

Kosher

Some procedures may be delayed or adapted to respect Sabbath or dietary laws.

Preservation of life (Pikuach nefesh) overrides most religious restrictions.

SABBATH OBSERVANCE (FRIDAY SUNDOWN TO SATURDAY SUNDOWN)

Preservation of life (____) overrides most religious restrictions.

Pikuach nefesh

Done on the 8th day of a male infant's life.

CIRCUMCISION (BRIT MILAH)

CIRCUMCISION

BRIT MILAH

The dying should not be left alone; prayers and scripture may be recited.

END-OF-LIFE CARE

The body is watched over continuously until burial, which occurs as soon as possible.

END-OF-LIFE CARE

Cremation is generally forbidden.

END-OF-LIFE CARE

Belief in One God (Allah) and the Prophet Muhammad as His messenger.

ISLAM

__as sacred scripture.

Qur'an

Main branches of Islam.

Shia & Sunni

the absolute oneness and indivisibility of God (Allah).

Tawhid

shapes the mind-body connection by emphasizing that the entire person, mind and body, should be wholly devoted to Allah.

The oneness of God

Shahada (faith), Salat (prayer 5x

day), Zakat (charity), Sawm (fasting in Ramadan), Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) / Five Pillars of Islam

Islam places great emphasis on ritual purification through washing, called ___ is a necessary condition before performing the five daily prayers (salah).

"tahara"

the five daily prayers

salah

Life and death are in ___ . Illness is often viewed as a test from God that can atone for sins and build patience.

Allah's hands

Muslims adhere to dietary restrictions known as halal (permissible). Prohibited items (haram) include pork, alcohol, and any meat from animals not slaughtered according to Islamic law.

Dietary laws (Halal)

Muslims adhere to dietary restrictions known as halal (____). Prohibited items (____) include pork, alcohol, and any meat from animals not slaughtered according to Islamic law.

(permissible) , (haram)

No food or drink from dawn to sunset.

Ramadan fasting

Men and women prefer same-sex healthcare providers.

Modesty

END-OF-LIFE CARE: Dying patients may want to recite prayers or hear verses from the ____.

Quran

END-OF-LIFE CARE: The body is washed in a ritual ablution (____), shrouded in a plain white cloth (_____), and buried as soon as possible, ideally within 24 hours.

(ghusl), (kafan)

END-OF-LIFE CARE: The body is washed in a ritual ablution (ghusl), shrouded in a plain white cloth (kafan), and buried as soon as possible, ideally within ___.

24 hours

END-OF-LIFE CARE: The body is typically positioned to face ___. Cremation is strictly prohibited.

Mecca

END-OF-LIFE CARE: ____ is discouraged unless legally required.

Autopsy

Nurses should acknowledge the equal importance of spiritual and physical well-being.

ISLAM NURSING CARE:

Nurses should use culture care accommodation negotiation to balance religious observance with medical needs.

ISLAM NURSING CARE:

Assess the importance of prayer for the patient. Provide ____, _____, _____.

quiet space, water basin, privacy (ISLAM NURSING CARE:)

Respect religious items (e.g.,

never place objects on top of the Qur'an) (ISLAM NURSING CARE:)

Nurses should explore the meaning of fasting for the patient and find safe accommodations.

(ISLAM NURSING CARE:)

Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Hebrew, and Kurdish.

The dominant languages spoken in the Middle East (LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION)

_____ as a Sacred Language.

Arabic

____ are formal and respectful. The use of titles is important due to the hierarchical nature of the society.

Greetings (LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION)

Common phrase: _____ ("if God wills") shows belief in divine authority over all actions.

Inshallah (LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION)

_____: acceptable among men, but prolonged eye contact between men and women may be uncomfortable and may be interpreted as a sign of _______

Eye contact, sexual interest (LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION)

Offer professional medical interpreters when needed.

Begin interactions with respectful greetings ("As-salamu alaykum" - "Peace be upon you") and address patients formally using proper titles.

Acknowledge religious expressions "Inshallah" (if God wills) or "Alhamdulillah" (praise be to God).

Maintain culturally appropriate eye contact.

CULTURE CARE IN THE MIDDLE EAST (NURSING CARE)

"As-salamu alaykum" means ___ / "Peace be upon you"

"Inshallah" means _____

(if God wills)

(praise be to God) means ________

"Alhamdulillah"

The family is _____ and often includes extended members.

the core of social life

Family plays a major role in _______, sometimes even more than the individual patient.

decision-making

Male relatives (husband, father, eldest son) are usually the ________

primary spokespersons for the family.

Marriage is highly valued; ______ is discouraged in Islam.

celibacy

Views on contraception vary by ______

acculturation, education, and country of origin.

Most Middle Eastern societies are patriarchal:

men are the main decision-makers, providers, and protectors.

_______ is highly valued particularly for women.

Modesty

Exposure of the body is minimized, even in medical settings. Clothing such as ______ may be kept on during examinations or procedures if safe.

hijab, abaya, or long garments

Women may require permission from ____ for major decisions.

male relatives

Nurses should respect _____________ in health care.

family decision-making roles

Recognize that __________ strongly influence care choices.

extended family and religion

Be sensitive to norms on _______

elder care, marriage, and family planning.

Incorporate family involvement in care planning for better ______

acceptance and outcomes.

Whenever possible, match nurse-patient gender, especially for _________

sensitive or intimate care.

FOOD BELIEFS & PRACTICES

Check ________ before offering food.

dietary restrictions

Food is linked to __________

hospitality and quality of care.

Serving ________ is a traditional sign of hospitality (elders first, usually men before women).

Arabic coffee

________ is a staple food; symbolizes God's blessings. If bread falls, it is touched to ________ with praise to God.

Bread, lips/forehead

Frequent use of spices and herbs (___________) for flavor and medicinal purposes.

za'atar, yansoun, na'ana

NURSING CARE:

Confirm if the patient follows Halal (_____) or Kosher (_______) laws before providing meals.

Islamic, Jewish

Coordinate medication schedules with __________

fasting times.

Be aware that patients may use traditional ________ for health benefits. Assess for possible interactions with prescribed medications.

herbs/spices

Culture & Health Beliefs

Illness is often seen as God's will or a

spiritual test. Many rely on __________

Quranic verses (ruqyah), Zamzam water, honey, and black seed (Nigella sativa) as part of treatment.

_________ is very important: female patients usually prefer female nurses, and consent often involves the male guardian. Gender segregation

Prayer _________ times daily must be respected during hospital stays.

five

Provide culturally appropriate ___________ by assigning female staff when possible.

gender-sensitive care (SAUDI ARABIA)

Allow safe use of _________ alongside medical treatment.

religious remedies (SAUDI ARABIA)

Schedule care around prayer times and ensure _______ during worship

privacy (SAUDI ARABIA)

SAUDI ARABIA

Application to Nursing

• Provide culturally appropriate gender

sensitive care by assigning female staff

when possible.

• Allow safe use of religious remedies

alongside medical treatment.

• Schedule care around prayer times and ensure privacy during worship

YEMEN

Culture & Health Beliefs

Traditional medicine is widely used, including herbal remedies, ______ (al-kay), and spiritual healing from religious leaders.

cauterization

The use of _____ (chewing leaves with mild stimulant effects) is a common cultural practice that also affects oral health and nutrition.

qat

Families are deeply involved in care decisions, and deference to ____ is expected.

elders

YEMEN: Application to Nursing

Respect the role of traditional ________, but educate families on when hospital care is essential.

healers

Address the health risks of qat use in a non judgmental way, linking it to __________

nutrition and dental care.

Involve family members, especially elders, in _________

discussions and discharge planning.

OMAN

Culture & Health Beliefs

Omanis often combine modern medicine with folk remedies, such as ____________

frankincense, herbal infusions, and Quranic healing.

Strong emphasis on ___________ , especially for women.

modesty and privacy

Health is also linked to the balance between __________ foods in traditional medicine.

"hot" and "cold"

The community is _______, and decisions are often made collectively.

tightly knit

OMAN: Application to Nursing

Ask patients about their use of __________ and guide them on safe integration with prescribed care.

folk remedies

Respect modesty by ensuring same ______ / gender care

providers and adequate privacy.

Use family and community engagement to strengthen _________

health teaching and follow up care.