PHCT - Evidences of Poisoning

CIRCUMSTANTIAL OR MORAL EVIDENCE

• Evidences contributed by circumstances

• Deduced from various occurrences and facts.

SYMPTOMATIC EVIDENCE

Includes symptoms observed during poisoning

CHEMICAL EVIDENCE

Evidence obtained by chemical analysis of the suspected substance, or the vomitus or secretion of the body.

CHEMICAL EVIDENCE

This alone is not reliable because the poison may be decomposed or changed, or it may have been placed anywhere after death.

Luminol test (Fluorescence pale blue)

Used in forensic when checking for blood stain

Post Mortem Evidence

Evidence from examination of tissues and organs

Autopsy

Post Mortem other Term

Body examination or test when the subject is still alive

Biopsy

Experimental evidence

Obtained by administering the suspected substance to some living animal and noting the effects or symptoms

Experimental evidence

This is not a very conclusive procedure since tolerance may not be the same as in man.

Inhalation

Major route of entry of poison

Inhalation

Atmospheric pollutants gain entry by

Ingestion

via GIT

Ingestion

result of consuming contaminated food or beverages, touching the mouth with contaminated fingers, or swallowing inhaled particles.

Injection

Bypasses the protection provided by the intact skin and provides direct access in the bloodstream

Allergic Reactions

occur in hypersensitive individuals or after sensitization in allergic or sensitized persons.

Allergic reactions

-Often requires binding of chemical (hapten) to endogenous protein in order to be recognized by the immune system

allergic reaction

Reaction ranges from skin irritation to anaphylactic shock.

IGE

Immunoglobulin related to Allergic reactions

Idiosyncratic Reaction

-occur in individuals who have genetic polymorphisms that lead to structural changes in biomolecules, making them very sensitive or insensitive to a chemical.

Chemical idiosyncrasy

refers to the abnormal reactivity of an individual to a chemical based on its genetics or other individual sensitivity factors

Immediate toxicity

Most chemicals exert their effects soon after exposure.

Conditions under delayed toxicity

Contact dermatitis, Tuberculosis, Chronic Transplant rejection, Multiple sclerosis, Cancer

Conditions under immediate toxicity

Atopy, Anaphylaxis, Asthma

Conditions

Genetic tendency to develop allergic diseases

Asthma

Bronchospasms in the lungs

Mantoux test

Test for tuberculosis

Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG)

A vaccine against tuberculosis that is prepared from a strain of the attenuated (weakened) live bovine tuberculosis bacillus

T cells

Immunoglobulin related to delayed reaction

Immunoglobulin related to immediate response

IGE

Systemic toxicity

Tetraethyl Lead could result to what toxicty

tetraethyl lead

chemical absorbed in the skin, and transported to CNS

additive effect

combined effect is the same as the sum of effects when given alone

1+1=2

Additive effect

Additive effect, Sleepiness

Alcohol+Benzodiazipine is under what type effect? And what effect could it produce

Synergistic

combined effects are much greater than the sum of effects when given alone.

Potentiation

exposure to a chemical with no toxicity increases the toxicity of another compound.

Synergistic

Pyrethroids and piperonyl butoxide(PBO) is under what reaction

synergistic effect

1+1=3

Potentiation

1+0=2

Potentiation effect

Levodopa+Carbidopa could have what effect?

Potentiation effect

Carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)+Isopropanol

Antagonism

co-administration of two chemicals interferes with the toxicity of both or one of them.

Antagonism

1+1=0

Vitamin K

antidote for warfarin overdose

Anditoe for Heparin

antidote for Heparin overdose

Antagonism

Vitamin K for warfarin, and Protamine SO4 for heparin is under what effect

Functional Antgonism

Chemicals counter balance each other by exerting opposite effects on a physiological function.

Functional antagonism

Convulsion treated with BZD and Glucagon and Insulin are classified as?

Insulin

Turns glucose to glycogen

Glycogen

Energy/sugar stored in muscles

Glucagon

Turns glycogen to Glucose, Raises Blood sugar

Chemicals(or inactivation

Chemical reaction between two compounds leads to less of the toxic compound.

Antivenins

An antitoxin active against the venom of a snake, spider, or other venomous animal or insect

Dispositional antagonism

Disposition of toxic chemical is changed so that concentration and/or duration is diminished.

Osmotic diuretics

Alters excretions

Ipecacuanha and charcoal

Arrest absorption

Receptor Antagonism

Chemicals compete for the same receptor, decreasing effective binding of toxic compound.

Naloxone

Treat morphine overdose

Tamoxifen

Antagonizes estrogen by estradiol

Tolerance

A state of decreased responsiveness due to a prior exposure to the same or a structurally similar chemical in an individual.

Tamoxifen a partial agonist becomes an Full agonist bcoz of absence of a full agonist, by ut when full agonist is present partial agonist will turn in to antagonist

Explain how Tamoxifen became antagonist

Dispositional tolerance

A decreased amount of chemical reaches the site where the effect is produced.

CCl4

Metabolism inhibitor

Dispositional tolerance

Cadmium and metallothionein could induce

Receptor Tolerance

Same amount of chemical reaches the site, but target receptor response decreased

Receptor Tolerance

Nicotine could induce what tolerance

Receptor tolerance

Morphine and Opioid could induce?

Resistance

A change in the susceptibility to a chemical at the population level.

Resistance

•A selective process (evolution) by which sensitive individuals do not survive and only those with a genetic trait that accommodates the chemical survive.