test number 2

Nervous system communicates through what two systems?

Neuronal electro chemical and hormonal chemical

Hormonal chemical communication communicates through?

The realase of hormones

Nervous system communicates through what two systems?

Neuronal electro chemical and hormonal chemical

Hormonal chemical communication communicates through?

The realase of hormones

A glad is?

Specialized tissues yielding secretions

What are the two types of glands?

Endocrine (inside) and exocrine (outside)

Endocrine glands are?

Ductless glands which realase there secretions into general circulation

Type of Endocrine glands

Pituitary gland,thyroid,adrenal

Exocrine glands are?

Duct glands using pipelines to externalize their secretions to specific locations.

Type of exocrine glands

Salivary,lacrimal,sweat.

Gland that has both endocrine and exocrine properties?

Pancrease

What does the pancreas endocrine gland do ?

Islets of langerhans realase insulin into general circulation.

What does the pancreas exocrine gland do?

Special pancreatic cells realase digestive enzymes via ducts directly into the gastrointestinal tract.

Exocrine glands are responsible for the production of what?

Pheromones

Pheromones are?

Chemical messages that are mostly sexual are released via scent glands into the environment to affect the hormonal systems of members of the species.

Hormones consist of 3 chemical classes

Amines,polypeptides, and steroids.

Amines consist of?

Complex unions of C,H,N,O,S. They are amino acids derivistes

Examples of Amines

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroxine

Polypeptides consist of?

Combinations of amino acids formed by carboxyl linkage.

Examples of polypeptides,

Insulin, oxytocin, glucagon, antidiuretic hormone.

Some polypeptides are known as?

Releasing hormones

What do steroids consist of?

A group of chemical compounds with solid cyclic alcohols having a setrol ring.

Steroids are?

Fat soluble. (Go into fats)

Type of steroids

Estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, glucocorticoids,cordials.

Steroid used for inflammation

Cordizal

what are the Hormonal control mechanisms?

Local and systematic control

Localized hormonal is at?

The cellular level aimed at target cells programmed to accept the hormones

Systematic control is in?

General circulation aimed to target organs and systems.

What are the two types of localized Mechanisms?

Surface oriented and intercellular

Surface oriented mechanisms involve?

The amines and the polypeptides

Intercellular mechanisms involve

Steroids.

Surface oriented enter how?

Does not enter the target cells but the hormones interact with a surface receptor setting in motion a series of intercellular events.

What response does the surface ordinated mechanism produce?

Second messenger cAMP and produces desired effect.

Intercellular mechanisms enter how?

hormone enters cells directly and is transported into the nucleus of the cell to effect protein synthesis.

What message is intercellular mechanism done through?

RNA (ribo nuclear acid)

Anabolic steroids

Build cells

Catabolic steroids

Destroy cells

What do hormones do pre synaptically?

They charge the amount of NTs neurons produce pre synaptic changes. (Creating réalèse of NTs)

What do hormones do post synaptically?

Change the receptivity of post synaptic cells surface membranes

Localized mechanisms operate via?

Surface oriented SOMs and intracellular ICMs mechanisms

Systemic or generalized mechanisms operate via?

Negative feedback loops. (Homeostasis)

Type of systemic mechanisms?

Simple/single loops or complex/multiple loops

Simple/single loop operate how?

Simple/single loop b/w one endocrine gland and one set of target cells

How does the hormone act on a simple/single loop?

Acts on target cells changing the amount of hormones in circulation which regulates the output of the gland, usually stopping the gland.

Axis is?

Gland to target cell then back to gland

Example of double loop system?

Pituitary gland to secondary gland to traget cells back to pituitary.

Example of triple loop system?

Hypothalamus to pituitary to tertiary gland to target cells back to hypothalamus.

Triple loop system are typically called?

Tropic or releasing hormones or factors

Endocrines are classified by?

Place of origin or end effect

Location of Pinel gland?

Center of mesencephlalon

What does the pineal gland produce?

Serotonin and melatonin

how does the hypothalamus consist of?

4 releasing and 5 inhibiting hormones

What relesing hormones and Inhibiting are in the hypothalamus?

Growth hormone (GH), Throtropin (TRH), luteinizing hormone (LHRH), corticotropin (CRH)

What do the hypothalamus releasing hormones regulate?

hormones of anterior puitarity gland

Where is the pituitary gland located?

In the diencephalon right below hypothalamus.

What attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

Hypophyseal stalk creating the HHPS

What does the pituitary gland regulate?

Food and water balance

What are the 3 divisions of the pituitary gland?

Anterior (front), Prosterior (back), and medial.

What does the medial gland do?

Keeps the front and back separate

Where does the embryo logically derived from in the anterior pituitary?

The root of the mouth

What non tropic hormones do the anterior pituitary gland produce?

Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL)

What tropic hormones does the anterior gland produce?

ACTH,TSH,ICSH,LH,FSH,LTH

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

ACTH

ACTH controls release and production of?

Hormones of the adrenal gland cortex

Growth hormone

GH or GrH

Growth hormones control?

Growth via protein metabolism in bones and muscles during sleep

Tumors on anterior pituitary gland cause?

Gigantism and dwarfism

Luteotropic hormone

LTH

LTH produces?

Secretion of milk from mammy glands

Thyroid stimulating hormone

TSH

TSH increases?

The release off thyroxine from thyroid

What happens when the body has not enough iodine?

Leads to goiter (enlarged thyroid.)

Thyroxine increases what?

The metabolic rate of cells and with growth hormones controls growth

How does thyroxine help adult women?

Helps control estrous cycle and brain development

Luteinizing hormone

LH

LH stimulates

Ovulation of the ovum

What does the LH cause in follicular cavity?

to fill with fatty yellow tissue (corpus luteum)

What does the corpus luteum become?

Temporary gland and produces progesterone

Interstitial cell stimulating hormone

ICSH

What does the ICSH produce?

Testosterone

Follicle stimulating hormone

FSH FHS

What does the FSH stimulate?

Growth and maturation of eggs by ovaries

how does the LH and FSH act toghter?

To stimulate estrogen

What does the ICSH and FSH do together?

Stimulate production of androgens and spermatozoa

what are the two principal posterior pituitary hormones?

ADH and OxyContin

antidiuretic hormone

ADH

ADH inhibits?

Urine

ADH increases?

Blood pressure

OxyContin produces?

Contraction on uterus for labor and release of lactation

Where is the thyroid located?

Below larynx

What does the thyroid produce?

Thyroxine and calcitonin

Where is thyroxine and calcitonin stored?

In thyroid colloid in 100 day supply (released slowly)

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

TRH

TRH is controlled by?

TRH

TRH increases?

The release of thyroxine in thyroid. (Affects size)

Parathyroids are located?

Next to or near thyroid

Parathormone regulate?

Calcium phosphate metabolism

Thymus is located?

In upper thorax below the throat

What does the thymus become after puberty?

Vestigial

The thymus secretes what?

Thymosin

What does the Thymosin stimulate?

Immunological competence in lymphoid tissue

What are the the two endocrine locations in the stomach?

Pyloric and duodenum mucosa