Ch 14 and Ch 15 STUDYGUIDE

Immunology

where do immune cells originate from

all immune cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marorw

list the Lymphoid Progenitor Cells

T cells, B cells, NK cells

list the Myeloid Progenitor Cells

Monocytes, Macrophages, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Dendritic cells

List the T cell CD Markers

CD3(all), CD4(Helper), CD8(cytotoxic)

list the B cell CD Markers

CD 19, CD 20, CD 21

List the NK Cell CD Markers

CD 16, CD 56

List the Macrophages CD markers

CD 14

what are the parts of an IgG molecule

2 light chains

2 heaavy chains

Fab region

Fc region

list and describe the lines of defense

1st Line: barriers (skin, mucous membranes, stomach acids)

2nd Line: Innate immunity (phagocytes, inflammation, NK cells, complement)

3rd Line: Adaptive immunity (T and B cells, antibodies, memory)

What is the purpose of GALT, SALT, MALT

sites of immune surveillance and response near body entry points

what is GALT

Gut associated lymphoid tissue

what is SALT

skin associated lymphoid tissue

what is MALT

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

what is MAC

membrane attack complex

how does MAC affect microbes

creates holes in cell membranes

what does the complement system do

1. Opsonization – "Tagging" pathogens for phagocytosis

2. Chemotaxis – Attracting immune cells to the infection site

3. Cell lysis – Punching holes in pathogen membranes via the membrane attack complex (MAC)

4. Inflammation – Enhancing the inflammatory response

what is inflammation

your body’s natural response to injury or infection. It helps to eliminate harmful agents, protect tissues, and start the healing process.

what are interferons

Interferons are proteins produced by host cells in response to viral infections. They are part of the innate immune system and help "interfere" with the spread of viruses.

what type of cells produce interferons

most virus infected cells(type i), T & NK cells(type ii), epithlial cells (type iii)

what is the general function of cytokines and chemokines

Both cytokines and chemokines are signaling proteins used by the immune system to regulate immune responses

which cytokines are anti-inflammatorry

IL-10 (Interleukin-10)

TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor-beta)

IL-4

IL-13

IgG

most abundant in the blood

long term immunity

IgA

mucosala immunity

2nd most common

IgM

first responder, pentamer, agglutination

initial response

IgE

low concentration

allergy, parasitic infections

IgD

very low concentration

unclear about function, involved in B cell activation

innate vs adaptive immunity

innate: fast, non-specific, no memory, uses PRRs and PAMPs

adaptive: slow, very specific, memory response, uses T, B cells and antibodies

what are antigen presenting cells

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are immune cells that process and present antigens to T cells,

what cells act as Antigen Presenting Cells

dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

T helper cell vs. Cytotoxic cell

TH (CD4): activates B cells and other immune cells

TC (CD8): kills virus infected and cancer cells directly

what is a plasma cell and what does it produce

it is an activated B cell that secretes large amounts of antibodies

with respect to immunity what is the Thymus purpose

maturation site for T cells

with respect to immunity what is the Spleen purpose

filters blood, activates lymphocytes, removes old RBC

what are MHC molecules

cell surface proteins that display antigens to T cells, allowing the immune system to recognize what is "self" vs. "foreign."

MHC I

is found on all nucleated cells (CD 8 and T cells)

MHC II

found on Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs): dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells and presents to CD4, helper T cells

in a adaptive immune response, what is cell mediated toxicity

an immune response that uses Tc cells or NK cells to directly kill infected or abnormal cells

what are the subtypes of T cells

Th1: activates macrophages and Tc cells (cell mediated)

Th2: helps activate B cells

Tc: cytotoxic T cells (CD8)

Treg: regulatory T cells (suppress immune repsonse)

what is Diapedsis

movement of WBCs (neutrophils, monocytes) through vessel walls to infection cites

white blood cells need. to exit the blood, enter the tissues where the infection is present to fight

whats is PAMPs and PRRs

PAMPs: pathogen associated molecular patterns

PRRs: pattern recognition receptors on immune cells that detect PAMPs

opsonization

coating microbes to enhance phagocytosis

agglutination

clumping of pathogens by antibodies

precipitation

soluble antigens from insoluble complexes with antibodies