History of Corrections

Forms of correction

state prison, federal prisons, jail, community correction

corrections

the programs and services responsible for the managements of accused and convicted offenders

Goals of Correction

punishment and protection

Big Four

Texas, California, New York and Florida

Sumerian Law of Mesopotamia

listed certain crimes as capital offense

Code of Hammurabi

established retribution

The Middle Ages

emphasized public punishment as a way to deter offenders

Punishments

trial by ordeal, public execution, transportation, prison hulks

What was prison use prior to the 1800s

to hold those awaiting trial

House of Correction

emphasized discipline and work; lots of correction; led to the Penitentiary Act

The Enlightenment

moved away from public punishment

Penitentiary Goal

isolate, reflect, repent and reform

The Pennsylvania: Separate System

full solitary confinement

The New York System: Congregate

work togeher in the day, isolate at night; most-cost effective

South Penal System

used prisoners as contractor labors

West Penal

held in territorial or federal prisons

Reformatory movement

Showed that the penitentiary system was corrupt, underfunded and understaff

National Prison Association’s Cincinnati

Declared for indeterminate sentences and proof of reformation as requirement for release

Elmira Reformatory

prescribed individuals, individualized reformation plans for release; for youngins

Important feature survived

inmate classification, parole, rehabilitation programs and indeterminate sentences

Reform in the Progressive Era

Improve social and economic conditions that lead to crime and rehabilitate the offender

Important Practices in the Progressive Era

Probation, indeterminate sentencing, rehabilitation and Juvenile Court

The medical model of corrections

introduced the term “corrections”; inreasing crime rates and early mass incarceration

Martinson Report

“Nothing Work” report

Crime Control Model of Correction

developed: mandatory minimum sentences, abolition of parole boards, intensive supervision programs, juvenile transfer to adult court

Where are we now?

Evidence-based corrections, focus on reentry, and effrts to reduce mass incarceration