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Forms of correction
state prison, federal prisons, jail, community correction
corrections
the programs and services responsible for the managements of accused and convicted offenders
Goals of Correction
punishment and protection
Big Four
Texas, California, New York and Florida
Sumerian Law of Mesopotamia
listed certain crimes as capital offense
Code of Hammurabi
established retribution
The Middle Ages
emphasized public punishment as a way to deter offenders
Punishments
trial by ordeal, public execution, transportation, prison hulks
What was prison use prior to the 1800s
to hold those awaiting trial
House of Correction
emphasized discipline and work; lots of correction; led to the Penitentiary Act
The Enlightenment
moved away from public punishment
Penitentiary Goal
isolate, reflect, repent and reform
The Pennsylvania: Separate System
full solitary confinement
The New York System: Congregate
work togeher in the day, isolate at night; most-cost effective
South Penal System
used prisoners as contractor labors
West Penal
held in territorial or federal prisons
Reformatory movement
Showed that the penitentiary system was corrupt, underfunded and understaff
National Prison Association’s Cincinnati
Declared for indeterminate sentences and proof of reformation as requirement for release
Elmira Reformatory
prescribed individuals, individualized reformation plans for release; for youngins
Important feature survived
inmate classification, parole, rehabilitation programs and indeterminate sentences
Reform in the Progressive Era
Improve social and economic conditions that lead to crime and rehabilitate the offender
Important Practices in the Progressive Era
Probation, indeterminate sentencing, rehabilitation and Juvenile Court
The medical model of corrections
introduced the term “corrections”; inreasing crime rates and early mass incarceration
Martinson Report
“Nothing Work” report
Crime Control Model of Correction
developed: mandatory minimum sentences, abolition of parole boards, intensive supervision programs, juvenile transfer to adult court
Where are we now?
Evidence-based corrections, focus on reentry, and effrts to reduce mass incarceration
