HIS100: Second Exam

adam smith

britsh economist
wrote the wealth of nations
advocate for market economy
refuted mercantilism
invisible hand

mamluke

ruling dynasty over Egypt prior to the french invasion
defeated by french army in a matter of minutes
Significance: their demise leaves a power vacuum in Egypt, gives rise to Mohammed Ali

david livingston

medical missionary in africa
found by Henry Stanley
spectacle increased mania for Africa

mercantilism

concept that a states wealth depended on its supply of Gold Bullion
colonialist powers engaged in trade to increase their supply of bullion and therefore increase their overall wealth

wahabbi

fundamentalist sect of islam
wahabbis conquer holy cities of Saudi Arabia
Fought Mohammed Ali's army

Laissez-Faire

Capitalist concept of Economic Liberalism
comes from the French for "leave it alone"
a model preached by industrial revolution era aristocrats

Tanzimat

"reorder, reform"
period in ottoman empire
from the top down. sought to change society
economics penetration of foreign goods, lessened tariffs
extraterritoriality
movement of the elite

Selim III

Ottoman Sultean crowned
significance: first sultan to initiate reform
one of the few sultans to have grown up in contact with the outside world
Reforms: specialized troops better armaments, europeanized the janissaries
assassinated by the janissaries

cotton gin

separates cotton fibers from seeds
allowed for much greater productivity as compared to manually separating cotton

fuad pasha

Ottoman admin who was involved with the tanzimat reform (wanted to help modernize empire by introducing equality)

greek revolt

war of independence by greeks within Ottoman Empire (Greece wanted to become its own independent state)

mohammed ali

soldier from Albania that occupies the citadel of Cairo during power vacuum in Egypt
ruled together with the Mamlukes for a while then had them killed
interested in western military technology
creates new elite based on knowledge of french
first third world ruler to play off the great powers against each other (GB and Ottomans)

pan slavism

ideology of the Russian empire
sought to protect all Slavic peoples and intervene in other states affairs to do so
significance inspired Pan Turkism

Bismark

Otto von Bismark, the Chancellor of Prussia cora late 19th century
Unifies Germany through Russia military might
Allied with Italy and Austria-Hungary to protect Germany from France

Rose Window Decree

Decree by Sultan Abdulmejid
sought to limit the power of the sultan
supposedly a modern reform
protected life property and honor
initiated the tanzimat

consultation

...

tripple alliance

-The alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
-Including the Ottoman Empire, these powers made up the Central Powers
-The creation of this alliance led France to seek it's own alliances, leading to the Triple Entente of the UK, France and Russia

Auspicious Event

-During the rule of Mahmud II, 1826
-Janissaries amass in Istanbul Square in front of Sultan's palace
-Sultan's bodyguards trap and kill the Janissaries
-Occurred because Janissaries resisted reforms to Westernize

suburbs

-Seen first in Great Britain in response to the horrible state of cities during the early industrial revolution
-Middle class industrialists moved to the suburbs
-VIA Steam engine

splendid isolation

-Policy practiced by the British prior to WWI
-Did not want to ally with France at first due to this policy, although later did so

Boyor

-Members of the Russian aristocracy under the rule of Peter
-They were the "old nobility" whose place in society was determined by birth
-Combined with the new nobility (based on loyalty) in the Table of Ranks

st. petersburg

-Capital city of the Russian Empire named for Peter the Great
-Located on the Gulf of Finland
-Became the capital after Peter moved it from Moscow
-Built on a swamp, cold
-Planned on a grid

ibo

ethnic group in Africa usually found in southeast Nigeria (large and influential tribe in Africa - notable farming)

Extraterritoriality

-Concept initiated during the Tanzimat era
-Foreigners were not subject to local laws
-Significance: Can be seen today in the concept of diplomatic immunity

streltzi

-The bodyguards of the Russian Czar
-Revolted while Peter the Great was in Europe
-Peter brutally put down the revolt

Table of Ranks

-Issued by Peter the Great
-Combined the Boyors, the old nobility, with the new nobility, that which was based on loyalty to the Czar
-This new active nobility becomes a force for change in the Empire

Boxer Rebellion

-Chinese conservatives revolt against the halfway modernizers
-Name comes from the fact that they were a martial artist society, looked to the British like boxing
-Committed an "anti-foreign" revolt against all foreign goods and people
-Kidnapped European diplomats
-Revolt suppressed by German-led army

Crimean War

war where Russia lost to Ottoman Empire, France and the UK + Sardinia (undermined Russia's influence in Europe)

Icon

sacred images that represented significant figures (Jesus, Mary)
way to honor figures

Abdul Hamid II

-Constitutional dictator
-Took advantage of telegraph and camera
-Threatened Jihad against great powers via the Muslim populations of Britain, France and Russia
-Deposed by the Young Turks

young turks

-Extreme Turkish Nationalists circa beginning of the 20th cen.
-Army officers
-Advocated Pan Turkism, sought to create a new empire in Central Asia
-Allied with Germans in WWI

Taiping Rebellion

-1856-64
-Desired Western modernization
-15 million killed
-Most thorough attempt at Westernization before 1900

Meiji restoration

-Logical process of modernization in Japan
-Creation of conglomerates
-Education reform (primary first)
-Religious authorities supported Mod/Westernization
-Family loyalty transferred to the corporation

half Way Modernization

-Self-strengtheners
-Sought to incorporate European technology while maintaining Confucian society
-Couldn't free themselves from Confucian emphasis on agriculture
-Obtained modern weapons but were not able to use them

Zaibatsu

-(Usually Family-controlled) conglomerates in Japan
-Individuals' loyalties are transferred to the corporation after they emerge rather than the family

darma

Traditional India
Duty placed on a person according to their age, gender, and class

Karma

-The belief that every action counts for or against a person
-One wants good karma so they can eventually achieve Nirvana (unity with G-d)

Suttee

the practice of widows being burned to death on their husbands funeral pyres

Midhat pasha

chief advocate that desired reform and hoped a new sultan putting up a new constitution would prevent Russian invasion + revolt

Leopold II

-King of Belgium
-Believed that Africa was a "terra nullius" - land without [white] people
-Colonized the Belgian Congo as his personal land holding

White Mans Burden

-The belief of 19th century colonial powers that it was their responsibility to place Western culture on "uncivilized" peoples, namely in Africa
-Significance: This concept is a defense for Imperialism

Genocide

-The destruction of a specific ethnic/religious/cultural group in whole or in part
-Seen throughout examples of Imperialism in the 19th century
-Aborigines, Africans in Belgian Congo, Native Americans
-Armenian Genocide

Franz Ferdinand

-Archduke of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
-Assassinated in Sarajevo by the Black Hand, a Serbian Nationalist organization
-Significance: His assassination was one of a few catalysts of WWI

Bosnian Crisis

-The Austrians annexed Bosnia as a result of Ottoman military weakness
-Russians wanted to intervene (Pan Slavism) but were just defeated two years earlier by the Japanese

Mustafa Kemal

An Ottoman General, revolted and took back the land that today makes up the Turkish Republic
-Defeated the Greek army
-"Gazi" - defender of the faith
-First President of modern Turkish republic
-Initiated economic modernization and secularization

umuofia

-The setting in Chinua Achebe's novel Things Fall Apart
-Consisted of members of the Ibo tribe

self determination

guiding principle promoted by Woodrow Wilson where a nation (group of people with similar political ambitions) can seek to become independent

Treaty of Sevres

-Divided up the Ottoman Empire among the great powers after WWI
-Left only a small portion for the Turkish people

shintoism

-Main religion of Japan during the Meiji dynasty
-Believed that the Emperor was descendant of the Sun-G-d
-His word is divine
-Since the Emperor supported Mod/westernization, the religious authority supported it

Henry Stanley

-NYC journalist
-Found Dr. Livingstone in Africa's interior in the 1880s
-Left a trail of telegraph wire on his journey
-Spectacle increased mania for Africa