Prac Res

Research Design

The overall planning of a study that gives direction and structure to the research.

Quantitative Research Design

Involves collecting data to establish relationships between variables using statistical analysis.

Experimental Research Design

Bases its research method on scientific activity called an experiment, where variables are manipulated or controlled to determine validity or truthfulness.

True Experimental

bias free selection that ensures objectivity of the results

Quasi Experimental

prone to bias caused by your purposive rather than random selection of participants

Non-Experimental Research Design

Gives both qualitative and quantitative data, often used in the field or social sciences.

Survey

describes the attitudes, preferences, views, feelings, opinions, and other behavioral patterns of a big number of people for arriving at a certain conclusion about societal concerns and issues

Correlational

shows extent and direction of variable relationships, that is whether a negative or positive relationship exists between or among them

Descriptive

depicts an image or a picture of an individual or a group, this type of research uses interviews, questionnaires, polls, and other similar instrument in order to gather data

Comparative

states the difference or similarities between or among people, things, objects, etc. It compares the variables but it does not focus on the relationship

Descriptive Research

Depicts an image or picture of an individual or group using interviews, questionnaires, polls, and similar instruments.

Correlational Research

Shows the extent and direction of variable relationships.

Experimental

A dermatologist wants to know the effectiveness of a new formulation of shampoo and how it differs from the previous formulation

Quasi-Experimental Research

A guidance counselor wants to know the factors that affect the performance of students in class

Quantitative Data Collection Technique

The systematic process of gathering data to gain first-hand knowledge.

Observation

Gathering facts or information by watching and listening to people, things, places, events, etc.

Controlled Observation

the researcher decides where the observation will take place, at what time, with which participants, in what circumstances and uses a standardized procedure

Naturalistic Observation

a research method commonly used by psychologists and other social scientists

Participant Observation

is a variant of the above (natural observations) but here the researcher joins in and becomes part of the group they are studying to get a deeper insight into their live

Experiment

Giving subjects a condition or treatment to discover the reason behind effects on them.

Content Analysis

Searching through oral or written forms of communication to find answers to research questions.

Formal Content Analysis Approach

samples of texts are collected and categorized through a certain system or method

Textual Content Analysis Approach

language structures (words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs) are examined to determine their effects on the readers.

Thematic Content Analysis Approach

records or documents are analyzed to discover the purposes or motives of the communication media in producing such kind of documents or records.

Audience Content Analysis Approach

communication media records or concepts are studies to find out how meaningful, acceptable, or unacceptable the media contents are to the audience

Nominal Scale

Categorizing people based on gender, religion, position, etc.

Ordinal Scale

Ranking or arranging variables to determine their order.

Interval Scale

Showing equal intervals or differences between people's views or attitudes.

Ratio Scale

Rating something from zero to a certain point, with true zero existing.

Quantitative Data Analysis

Breaking down complex topics into smaller parts to gain a better understanding.

Descriptive Statistics

Describing the basic features of data using measures of central tendency and frequency distribution.

Correlation

Using statistical analysis to describe the relationship between two variables.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Determining the difference in means between groups.

Regression

has some similarities with correlation, in that it also shows the nature of relationship of variables but gives a more extensive result than that of correlation. Aside from indicating the presence of a relationship between two variables

Inferential Statistics

Making conclusions and judgments about data, often used to test hypotheses and assess relationships.

Statistical Methods

Ways of gathering, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data.

Level of Measurement

Categorical, ordinal, or continuous scales used to categorize and analyze data.

Descriptive Statistics

Describing a certain aspect of a data set using measures like mean, median, mode, and standard deviation.

Inferential Statistics

Focusing on conclusions, generalizations, predictions, interpretations, and hypotheses based on sample findings.

Bivariate Analysis

Analyzing the relationship between two variables, often independent and dependent variables.

Multivariate Analysis

analysis of multiple relations between multiple variables

Cross Tabulation

A matrix format that displays the frequency and percentage of two variables, showing the relationship and effect of one variable on another.

Measure of Correlation

A statistical measure that determines the strength and direction of the relationship between variables.

Correlation Coefficient

A measure of the extent of dependence between two variables, indicating the strength and direction of the linear relationship.

Regression

A statistical analysis that determines the presence and strength of relationships between variables, including the prediction of one variable based on another.

Pearson Product-Moment Correlation (Pearson r)

A measure of the linear relationship and association between two variables.

Spearman’s Rho (Spearman’s r)

A nonparametric measure of the dependence between two variables, based on their ranks.

Chi-Square

A statistical test that determines whether a relationship exists between variables and the probability that the relationship is due to chance.

t-test (ANOVA/Analysis of Variance)

A statistical test that evaluates the probability of a difference in means between two groups or populations.

Anova - One Way or F-Test

A statistical test that compares the means of two or more independent groups to determine if there is a significant difference.

Ancova

A statistical analysis that examines the relationship between two or more dependent variables while controlling for other variables.

Mancova

A statistical analysis that examines the relationship between one or more independent variables and one dependent variable, considering the interaction between the independent variables.

Sampling Procedure

The method of selecting subjects or objects from a larger group for a research study.

Sampling

The process of choosing a subset of individuals from a population to represent the entire population.

Population

The entire group of individuals from which a sample is selected to represent in a research study.

Sampling Frame

The list of members from the population that is used to select the sample.

Sampling Unit

Every individual in the population that is considered for selection in the sample.

Sample Size

The number of individuals included in the sample, representing the population.

Sampling Technique

The method used to select individuals for the sample, either through probability or non-probability sampling.

Heterogeneity of Population

The degree of variation or diversity within a population, which can affect the sample selection process.

Statistical Technique

The method used to analyze and calculate statistical measures for the selected sample.

Time and Cost

The resources required, including time and money, for selecting and studying the sample.

Simple Random Sampling

A probability sampling method where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.

Systematic Sampling

A probability sampling method where members of the population are selected at regular intervals using a predetermined system.

Stratified Sampling

A probability sampling method where the population is divided into subgroups or strata, and samples are selected from each stratum.

Cluster Sampling

A probability sampling method where groups or clusters of individuals are randomly selected, and all individuals within the selected clusters are included in the sample.

Quota Sampling

A non-probability sampling method where individuals are selected based on predetermined quotas to match certain characteristics of the target population.

Voluntary Sampling

A non-probability sampling method where individuals self-select to participate in the sample.

Purposive Sampling

A non-probability sampling method where individuals are selected based on specific criteria or characteristics relevant to the research study.

Availability Sampling

A non-probability sampling method where individuals who are readily available and accessible are selected for the sample.

Snowball Sampling

A non-probability sampling method where participants in the study recruit additional participants from their social network or community.