Lecture 10: Reproductive System

what are the 3 types of asexual reproduction

1. Budding (mitosis): new individuals form as outgrowths 

2. Fission (mitosis): individual splits into species that grow into new individuals (one adult turns into two babies)

3. Parthenogenesis: the development of offspring from unfertilized eggs (aka. Female is able to reproduce without male sperm)

 Define anisogamy 

Some individuals are producing large haploid gamete, and other individuals are producing small haploid gametes

Ex. sperm is smaller than an egg 

whats the difference between gonochores and hermaphrodites

gonochores: Species where Separate sexes exist. One individual is producing eggs, other individual is producing sperm

hermaphrodites: Species where one individual produces eggs and sperm 

what are the two types of hermaphrodites

1. Simultaneous hermaphrodites: individual has both male (testes) and female (ovaries) gonads. Potential for self fertilization, but its rare

2. Sequential hermaphrodites: individual produces eggs/sperm at different life stages (social circumstances) 
   a.Protogynous: female first and male later, will die as a male

   b.Protandrous: male first and female later, will die as a female  

 Define external fertilization

Occurs when gametes are released into the environment (water)

Define internal fertilization

Occurs when sperm is released into the female reproductive tract 

What are gonads

Primary reproductive organs such as ovaries and testes 

Define spermatogenesis 

One diploid germ cell produces 4 haploid sperm. Basic meiosis. Occurs in seminiferous tubules

what is the process of ejaculations. what structures are passed through

Epididymis 

Vas deferens 

Glands 

Ejaculator Duct 

Urethra 

Center of the penis 

draw cascade for male reproductive hormones

what is the process of egg from ovary to cervix/vaginal opening

1. Release eggs from ovaries

2. Fimbria sweeps egg to fallopian tube 
   —> If this doesnt happen, ectopic pregnancy occurs 

3. Goes to fallopian tube (or oviduct)
   —>fertilzation occurs here in fallopian tube
   —>Sperm must swim from vagina to fallopian tube 

4. Go to uterus 
   —>If fertilized, implants in endometrium (fertilized) 
   —> If not, unfertilized egg will pass through cervix, then the vagina, and then deposited as period 

Define oogenesis

One diplotic germ cell produces 1 haploid egg 

Duplicate DNA during mitosis 

1. First meiotic division (in ovary)

   1. One daughter cell gets most of stuff chromosomes and other stuff

   2. Other daughter only gets chromosomes (small and called first polar body)

2. Second meiotic division (after release/fertilization) 

   1. Big daughter cell create another polar body (second polar body)

      1. There are 3 things (two polar bodies, and one big cell) 

3. Polar bodies disappear, big daughter cell is left. This is haploid egg

diff between oogenesis and spermatogenesis

Main diff between sperm version: sperm version produces 4 sperms and egg version produces 1 egg

 Define follicle 

Is it just tissue surrounding developing egg thats made of thecal and granulosa cells

draw diagram for female menstrual cycle

draw diagram for female hormone cascade