ap physics 1 terms and constants

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scalar quantity

quantity with magnitude

vector quantity

quantity with magnitude and direction

vectors

arrows representing the magnitude and direction of a quantity

position

location of an object in space; vector quantity; measured in meters

x is horizontal, y is vertical

displacement

change in position; final - initial; vector quantity; measured in meters

speed

distance traveled in a given time/time interval; scalar; measured in meters per second

velocity

speed that takes direction into account; displacement/time interval; measured in meters per second; portrayed by the slope of a position time graph

interpreting slopes

positive means values are increasing; negative means values are decreasing; horizontal line means values are not changing

note how graphs stay at certain values above or below x axis when increasing or decreasing

acceleration

change in velocity over time; v/t; measured in meters per second squared

constant velocity = no acceleration

speeding up and slowing down

speeding up; velocity and acceleration are in the same direction

slowing down; velocity and acceleration are in opposite directions

big 5

mass

center of mass

force

tension

weight

mg; an objects weight on earth

g

-9.8; 10 on ap

normal force

friction

spring force

newton’s first law

an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a force

newton’s second law

f = ma; demonstrates relationships between mass, acceleration, and force

newton’s third law

every action has an equal and opposite reaction

circular motion

motion in a circle; speed in uniform circular motion means speed is constant, but not velocity

centripetal acceleration

a = v²/r

always points towards the center of the circle

speed needed for one revolution

2pifr, circumference * f, 2pi/t

centripetal force

mv²/r

max centripetal speed

sqrt gr

apparent weight

w + centripetal force

orbital period

force of attraction

gravitational constant for a planet

orbital period and radius

kinetic energy

work

potential energy

conservation on energy

power

linear momentum

impulse

conservation of momentum

elastic collision

inelastic collision

angular displacement

angular velocity

angular acceleration

torque

parallel axis theorem

rotational equilibrium

laws in rotational form

rotational kinetic energy

rotational work

angular momentum and impulse

conservation of angular momentum

rigid body

rolling

satellite motion

SHM

Frequency

number of revolutions in a given time period

Period

the time it takes for an object to go through one cycle

Oscillators

density

m/V
density of water is 1000

measured in kg/m³

pressure

F/a or pgh

Measured in pascals

Fluids distribute force across an area

Scalar quantity

Proportional to density and object’s depth

atmospheric pressure

1.01 × 10^5 Pa or 100,000 PA

absolute pressure

P_total + P_atm

buoyant force

F = P_fluid*V_submerged*g
Denser objects sink

Interferes with other forces in the same direction

Proportional to pressure

volume flow rate

volume that passes through a particular point per unit of time; in m³/s
Q = V/t or A/v
Circular pipe; pir² is area, volume of a sphere is 4/3pir³,volume of a cylinder is pir²h

Continuity Equation

A1v1 = A2v2

bernoulli’s equation

P₁+pgy₁+1/2pv₁²+P₂+pgy₂+1/2pv₂²

Streamline movement; pressure is lower when flow speed is greater

torricelli’s law

v = sqrt(2gh)