Chapter 1 - Honors Chemistry - Mrs. Knox

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Heat or energy is released

Ex) Explosions, Hand warmers

Exothermic

Heat or energy is absorbed

Ex) Baking bread, ice pack

_____ has both mass and volume

Matter

Separates into Pieces or Changes Phase

Physical Means of Separation

A physical means of separation that separates solids from liquids or gas

Filtration

A physical means of separation that heats liquids into gas

Evaporation

A physical means of separation that separates mixtures into chemical components (used for separating pigments)

Chromatography

A physical means of separation that uses magnetic fields to separate magnetic substances from a mixture

Magnets

A physical means of separation that heats a liquid into a vapor, and turns it back into a liquid to separate solids and liquids

Distillation

A physical means of separation that uses a machine to spin mixtures/solutions aggressively to separate liquids or gases with different densities

Centrifuge

A physical means of separation that is done by the hand of the scientist/experimenter

By Hand

A chemical means of separation that runs electricity through a substance to break its bonds

Electrolysis

A chemical means of separation that creates a chemical reaction where bonds are broken

Adding Chemicals

A solution of 2 or more substances that each keep their own chemical identity

Mixture

A mixture that is not uniform throughout
Ex) Chicken Noodle Soup

Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture that is uniform throughout (Can be separated by physical means into Pure Substances)

Ex) Gatorade

Homogeneous Mixture

A form of matter that cannot be separated physically, and has a constant composition

Pure Substances

A Pure Substance that cannot be separated chemically (One type of atom)

Ex) Au

Element

A Pure Substance that can be separated by chemical means (2 or more elements chemically bonded)

Ex) CO₂

Compounds

Ex)

• Water Evaporating

• Tearing Paper

• Molding Clay

Physical Changes

Ex)

• Rust

• Cooking Eggs

• Burning Wood

Chemical Changes

Ex)

• Heat/Light is absorbed or released

• Odor

• Bubble (gas produced)

• Color Change

• Precipitate (Solid formed from 2 solutions) is formed

5 Evidences of a Chemical Change

Something that can be measured without changing its chemical makeup

Ex) Height, Color, Weight, Melting Point, Magnetic

Physical Properties

How a substance behaves when it is mixed with other matter

Ex) Flammability, Reactivity, Toxicity

Chemical Properties

Different structural forms of an element

• atoms are arranged differently, with different chemical/physical properties

Ex) Carbon

Allotrope

Atoms that are unstable alone, and must form molecules in pairs to become stable

Diatomic Molecules

Diatomic Molecule: H₂

Hydrogen

Diatomic Molecule: N₂

Nitrogen

Diatomic Molecule: O₂

Oxygen

Diatomic Molecule: F₂

Flourine

Diatomic Molecule: Cl₂

Chlorine

Diatomic Molecule: Br₂

Bromine

Diatomic Molecule: I₂

Iodine

• pH below 7

• Tastes sour

• Burns

• Neutralizes bases

Acids

• pH above 7

• Tastes bitter

• Feels slippery

• Denatures (unravels) proteins

Bases

Compounds that have Carbon as the backbone

Organic Compounds