Cell Biology(Cell Structure)

Cell Wall

Structure in bacterial cells providing protection and rigidity, made from peptidoglycan.

Chloroplasts

Structure in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place, providing food for the plant.

Chlorophyll

Pigment that harvests light for photosynthesis and makes plants green.

Sub-cellular structures

Term for the structures within a cell, such as the cell membrane, mitochondria, and ribosomes.

Magnification calculation

Image size / magnification is used to work out the actual size of an object under a microscope.

Osmosis

Process by which root hair cells take up water.

Permanent Vacuole

Structure in plant cells that helps maintain turgor for rigidity and contains cell sap.

Nerve Cells/Neurons

Specialised animal cells that transmit electrical signals quickly.

Sucrose

Sugar transported in the phloem during translocation.

Cell Wall #2

Structure in plant cells made from cellulose, providing strength and protection.

Phloem Cell

Specialised plant cell that distributes the products of photosynthesis by translocation.

Light Microscope

Type of microscope with a maximum magnification of around x2000 and resolving power of about 200 nm.

Transmission Electron Microscope

Microscope that uses electrons, creates 2D images, has magnification up to x2000000, and resolving power of ~0.2 nm.

Scanning Electron Microscope

Microscope that uses electrons, creates 3D images, has magnification up to x2000000, and resolving power of ~10 nm.

Chromosomal DNA

Single large DNA loop found in bacteria.

Chromosomal DNA

Structure in bacterial cells that controls the cell's activities, a long circular strand of DNA in the cytoplasm.

Mitochondria

Site of aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells.

Ribosomes

Structure where protein synthesis occurs, often found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Prokaryotic

Type of cells that are bacterial, much smaller, containing a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, a single strand of DNA, and plasmids.

Root Hair Cell

Specialised plant cell that takes up water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport.

Xylem Cell

Specialised plant cell that takes up water by osmosis and minerals up from the roots.

Cell Membrane

Structure in animal and plant cells that controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Peptidoglycan

Molecule that forms most bacterial cell walls.

Plasmids

Small loops of extra DNA in bacterial cells that can be transferred between bacteria.

Sperm Cell

Animal cell specialised to carry male DNA.

Muscle Cell

Animal cell specialised to contract quickly to cause movement.

Nucleus

Structure in animal and plant cells that contains DNA coding for proteins needed to build new cells.

Cellulose

Polymer that plant cell walls are made from.

Eukaryotic

Type of cells found in animals and plants, containing a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus.

Chlorophyll

Pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light for photosynthesis.

Cytoplasm

Liquid substance in animal and plant cells where many chemical reactions occur and contains enzymes.

Protein synthesis

Function performed by ribosomes.

Mitochondria

Structure in animal and plant cells where aerobic respiration occurs, releasing energy for the cell.