dental hygiene I

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

painful disorder of the fingers, hand, and/or wrist due to the compression of the brachial nerve plexus and vessels between the neck and shoulder

Rotator Cuff Tendinitis

painful inflammation of the muscle tendons in the shoulder region

Pronator Syndrome

painful disorder of the wrist and hand caused by compression of the median nerve between the two heads of the pronator teres muscle

Extensor Wad Strain

painful disorder of the fingers due to injury of the extensor muscles of the thumb and fingers

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)

painful disorder of the wrist and hand caused by compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel of the wrist

Ulnar Nerve Entrapment

painful disorder of the lower arm and wrist caused by compression of he ulnar nerve of the arm as it passes through the wrist

Tenosynovitis

painful inflammation of the tendons on the side of the wrist and at the base of the thumb

Tendinitis

painful inflammation of the tendons of the wrist resulting from strain

Causes of thoracic outlet syndrom

-tilting the head forward

-hunching the shoulders forward

-continuously reaching overhead

Causes of rotator cuff tendinitis

-holding the elbow above waist level

-holding upper arm away from the body

Causes of pronator syndrom

holding the lower arm away from the body

Causes of extensor wad strain

extending the fingers independently of each other

Causes of carpal tunnel syndrome

-the nerve fibers of the median nerve originate in the spinal cord in the neck

-poor posture

-bending the hand up, down, or from side-to-side at the wrist

-continuously pinch-gripping an instrument without resting the muscles

Cause of ulnar nerve entrapment

-bending the hand, up, down, or from side-to-side at the wrist

-holding the pinkie a full span away from the hand

Cause of tenosynovitis

-hand twisting

-forceful gripping

-bending the hand back or to the side

Cause of tendinitis

repeatedly extending the hand up or down at the wrist

Neutral neck position

-head tilt: 0-20 degrees

-line from eyes to treatment area should be vertical as possible

Neutral back position

-lean forward slightly at hips

-trunk flexion of 0-20 degrees

Neutral torso position

torso in line with the long axis of the body

neutral shoulder position

-shoulders in horizontal line

-weight evenly balanced when seated

Neutral upper arm position

-upper arms hang parallel to the long axis of the torso

-elbows at waist level held slightly away from the body

-no more than 20 degrees of elbow abduction away

Neutral forearm position

-held parallel to the floor

-raised of lowered by pivoting at the elbow joint

-60 to 100 degrees, 90 ideal

Neutral hand position

-pinkie side of the palm is slightly lower than thumb-side of palm

-wrist aligned with forearm

Working distance between eye to oral cavity

15-22 inches

Patient position for maxillary arch

body - even width or slightly higher than the tip of the nose

chair back - parallel to floor

head - even with upper edge of headrest

headrest - chin up position

Patient position for mandibular arch

body - even width or slightly higher than the tip of the nose

chair back - slightly raised above the parallel position at a 15-20 degree angle

head - top of patient’s head should be even with upper edge of headrest

headrest - chin down position

Clock position for mandibular

8 o’clock

Clock position for maxillary

8-12 o’clock

finger placement and function

index and thumb - on the instrument handle, holding instrument

middle finger - rests lightly against the shank, helps guide working end, feels vibrations from working end to shank

ring finger - on oral structure, stabilizes and supports the hand for control and strength

pinkie - near ring finger, no function in grasp

front surface of mirror

-reflecting surface is on the front surface of the glass

-produces a clear mirror image with no distortion

-most commonly used type because of good image quality

-reflecting surface of mirror is easily scratched

concave

-reflecting surface is on front surface of the mirror lens

-produces a magnified image

-magnification distorts the image

plane (flat surface)

-reflecting surface is on the back surface of the mirror lens

-produces a double image (ghost image)

-double image may be distracting

fulcrum

provides stabilization of the clinician’s hand during periodontal instrumentatione

extraoral fulcrum

stabilization point outside the patient’s mouth — usually on patient’s chin or cheekin

intraoral fulcrum

stabilizes the hand on a tooth surface

vertical strokes

anteriors - facial, lingual, and proximal

posteriors - mesial and distal

oblique stroke

posterior - facial and lingual

horizontal stroke on posterior teeth

-around line angles

-furcation areas

-deep pockets that are too narrow to allow vertical or oblique strokes

horizontal stroke on anterior teeth

-working end is used in toe down position

-short controlled horizontal stroke

pigtail and cowhorn explorers

calculus detection in normal sulci or shallow pockets, no deeper than the cervical-third of the root

orban-type explorer

assessment of anterior root surfaces and facial and lingual surfaces of the posterior teeth

11/12-type explorer

assessment of root surfaces on anterior and posterior teeth

working end on posterior teeth

-lower shank is parallel to distal surface

-functional shank goes up and over

working end on anterior teeth

-'“wrapping” the working-end

sickle scaler

periodontal instrument used to remove calculus deposits from crowns of teeth

cross section of sickle scaler

triangular cross section, limits use to above the gingival margin since the pointed tip and back could cause tissue trauma

working end of sickle scaler

-pointed back and tip

-two cutting edges per working-end

face of sickle scaler

-perpendicular to lower shank so cutting edges are level with one another (lower shank must be tilted slightly toward the tooth surface to establish correct angulation)

application of sickle scaler

-anterior: only one single-ended instrument is needed

-posterior: one double-ended instrument is needed

primary functions of sickle scaler

-removal of medium-large sized calculus deposits

-excellent for calculus removal on the (1) proximal surfaces of anterior crowns and (2) enamel surfaces apical to the contact areas of posterior teeth

-debridement of enamel surfaces; NOT recommended for use on root surfaces

sterilization

process by which all forms of life, including bacterial spores, are destroyed by physical or chemical means

sepsis

life threatening condition caused by your body’s response to an infection

CDC

center for disease control, nation’s health protection agency