12.7 (4.1.1) Preventing and treating disease

natural active

body acts to produces antibodies/ memory cells

natural passive

1) antibodies from mother to foetus

2) colostrum high in antibodies

artificial passive

antibodies produced by one organism being injected into the bloodstream of another organism

temporary immunity

artificial active

vaccination

body is stimulated to produce antibodies by an immune response by injecting inactive antigens into bloodstream

epidemic

a communicable disease spreads rapidly to a lot of people at a local or national level

pandemic

same disease spreads rapidly across a number of countries and continents

malaria

caused by Protoctista Plasmodium

spends time in erythrocytes so it is protected by self antigens from immune system. within an infected individual its antigens reshuffle

HIV

causes AIDS

enters macrophages and T helper cells so it has disabled the immune system itself

Penicilin

sourced from mould growing on melons

antibiotic

Docetaxel/ Pacitaxel

sourced from yew trees

breast cancer treatment

Aspirin

sourced from compounds from sallow bark

painkiller, anti-coagulant, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory

Prialt

sourced from venom of cone snail

pain-killing drug

Vancomycin

sourced from soil fungus

antibiotic

Digoxin

sourced from foxgloves

heart drug to treat atrial fibrillation

pharmocogenetics

interweaving knowledge of drug actions with personal genetic material

synthetic biology

developing populations of bacteria to produce otherwise rare, expensive, or unavailable drugs

selective toxicity

antibiotics interfere with the metabolism of bacteria without affecting metabolism of human cells

MRSA

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

can cause boils , abscesses, fatal septicaemia

C. diff

Clostridium difficile

produces toxins that damage lining of intestines, leading to diarrhea, bleeding, death

antibiotics kill off helpful gut bacteria, C. diff survives and reproduces