Ch.+13-+Chromosomes,+Mapping,+and+the+Meiosis-Inheritance+Connection+(1)

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28 Terms

1
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
The theory that genes are located on chromosomes, which segregate and assort independently during meiosis.
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2
Sex-linked inheritance
A type of inheritance where a gene is located on a sex chromosome, leading to different patterns of inheritance for males and females.
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3
Drosophila melanogaster
Fruit fly species commonly used in genetic experiments, notably by Thomas Hunt Morgan.
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4
Test cross
A genetic cross between a homozygous recessive individual and a suspected heterozygous individual to determine the genotype of the latter.
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5
X chromosome
One of the two sex chromosomes in mammals which contains many genes, including those involved in sex-linked traits.
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6
Y chromosome
The male sex chromosome that, when present, typically determines male characteristics and contains few functional genes.
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7
Dosage compensation
The process by which organisms equalize the expression of genes between individuals with different chromosome dosages, such as X chromosome inactivation in females.
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8
Genetic mapping
The process of determining the distance between genes based on the frequency of recombination during meiosis.
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9
Recombination frequency
The percentage of recombinant offspring arising from a genetic cross which indicates the distance between the loci on a chromosome.
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10
Aneuploidy
An abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, often resulting from nondisjunction events during meiosis.
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11
X-inactivation
The process by which one of the X chromosomes in female mammals is randomly inactivated to ensure equal expression of X-linked genes.
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12
Maternal inheritance
A type of genetic inheritance in which traits or genes are passed down from the mother, such as mitochondrial DNA.
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13
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
Variations in a single nucleotide that occur at a specific position in the genome, useful as genetic markers.
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14
Epigenetics
The study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence.
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15
Genomic imprinting
A process where only one allele of a gene is expressed depending on which parent it was inherited from.
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16
Calico cat
A cat with a coat that has large patches of two colors due to X chromosome inactivation and is almost exclusively female.
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17
Klinefelter syndrome
A genetic condition in males caused by an extra X chromosome, leading to physical and developmental differences.
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18
Turner syndrome
A condition caused by the presence of only one X chromosome in females, resulting in physical and reproductive abnormalities.
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19
Hemophilia
A genetic disorder caused by a mutation in one of the genes related to blood clotting, more common in males due to its location on the X chromosome.
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20
Sickle cell anemia
A hereditary blood disorder caused by a mutation affecting hemoglobin, resulting in misshaped red blood cells.
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21
Down syndrome
A genetic disorder caused by trisomy of chromosome 21, characterized by developmental delays and physical features.
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22
Chorionic villi sampling (CVS)
A prenatal diagnostic procedure that involves taking a sample of tissue from the placenta to test for genetic defects.
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23
Amniocentesis
A prenatal procedure to obtain amniotic fluid for genetic testing of the fetus.
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24

Recombination frequency formula

Recombination frequency (RF) is calculated as RF = (Number of recombinant offspring / Total number of offspring) x 100%.

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25

Centimorgan (cM)

A unit of measure for genetic linkage representing a 1% chance of recombination occurring between two genes.

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26

Recombinant DNA

DNA that has been formed artificially by combining constituents from different organisms, often used in genetic engineering.

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27

Chiasmata

The physical locations on chromosomes where crossing over occurs during meiosis, resulting in genetic recombination.

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28

Double crossovers

Events where two separate crossover events occur between the same two chromosomes, affecting recombination frequency.

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