A&P Chapter 2

Matter

anything that occupies space and has mass (there are three states)

Energy

the ability to do work

Kinetic energy

energy is doing work

Potential energy

energy is inactive or stored

Chemical energy

is stored in chemical bonds of substances

Electrical energy

movement of charged particles

Mechanical energy

energy directly involved in moving matter

Radiant energy

travels in waves

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

provides energy for all living cells

Elements

fundamental units of matter

Molecule

2 or more atoms of the SAME elements bonded together; all compounds are [ ]

Compound

2 or more atoms of DIFFERENT elements bonded together to form a mole of a compound

Chemical reactions

atoms combine with/dissociate from other atoms

Chemical bonds

energy relationships between electrons of reacting atoms

• has the most potential energy

Electrons

Negatively charged particle closest to the nucleus

Nucleus

Almost entire mass of the atom composed of Neutrons and Protons

Ion

result from the loss or gain of electrons

Ionic bond

when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another

Covalent bond

link where 2 atoms share one pair (or more) of electrons

• single [] share one pair of electrons

• double [] share two pairs of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent bond

electrons are shared EQUALLY between the atoms of molecule such as CO2

Polar Covalent bond

electrons are NOT shared equally between the atoms of the molecule such as H2O

Hydrogen bonds

a hydrogen atom is attracted to negative portion of a polar molecule such as Oxygen

Synthesis reaction

Atoms/molecules combine to form larger, more complex molecules (A + B) → AB

Decomposition reaction

Molecule is broken down in smaller molecules

Exchange Reaction

simultaneous synthesis and decomposition reactions; bonds made and broke

Rate of Chemical Reaction

Affected by temperature, concentration of reactant, particle size

Inorganic compounds

No Carbon; small molecules

Organic compounds

Contain Carbon; large, covalent molecules

Water properties

High heat capacity, polarity/solvent properties, chemical reactivity, cushioning

Electrolytes

ions that conduct electrical currents; all salts are [ ]

Acids

Proton donors, release H+
0-6 on pH scale

Base

Remove protons, take up H+
8-14 on pH scale

Neutralization reaction

exchange reaction where acids and bases react to form water and salt

pH

measures how acidic or basic a liquid is

Polymer

chainlike molecules made of many similar or repeating (monomers)

Monomers

building blocks

Dehydration Synthesis

monomers are joined to form polymers through the removal of water molecules

Hydrolysis

polymers are broken down into monomers through the addition of water molecules

Carbohydrates

contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; sugars and starches

Monosaccharides

one simple sugar

Disaccharides

two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis

Polysaccharides

long, branching chains of linked simple sugars (monosaccharides)

Lipids

insoluble in water

Triglycerides

neural fats; energy storage; composed of fatty acids and one glycerol molecule

Phospholipids

modified triglycerides; form cell membranes

Steroids

interlocking 4 rings structure i.e. cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones

Saturated fats

Single covalent bonds between C atoms

Unsaturated fats

One or more double bonds between C atoms