MI unit 2

nucleoid

necessary, non-transferable, big ring of dna that contains genetic info for normal functions

pink

gram negative bacteria will stain ___

purple

gram positive bacteria will stain ____

cell envelope

outer area of bacteria

gram negative

bacteria that contains 3 membranes with a small cell wall; harder to kill

gram positive bacteria

bacteria that contains 2 layers with one big cell wall

located in the outer membrane; small lippopolysaccharides that infect cells

plasmid

carries genes that can lead to advantages; add-ons

ribosome

makes proteins

flagella

proteins that help with movement

pili

held to adhere to surfaces and participate in conjugation (the transfer of dna)

cell wall/peptilogycan

provides PROTECTION and support

cytoplasm

fluid that led structure

capsule

glycocalyx that adheres to surfaces

plasma membrane

semi-permeable made of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins that let things in and out

gram positive and gram negative

beta-Lactam antibiotics, Tetracyclines, Fluoroquinolones, and Sulfonamides target ___ bacteria

Sulfonamides

acts as a competitive inhibitor with PABA, blocking the production of folic acid

nucleoid and dna synthesis

sulfonamides attack which cellular process and organelle

Fluoroquinolones

Inhibits topoimerase

Nucleoid and dna replication/division

Fluoroquinolones attack which cellular process and organelle

Tetracyclines

Inhibits tRNA binding

ribosomes and protein synthesis

Tetracyclines attack which cellular process and organelle

Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

Inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis, leading to lysis

cell wall and cell wall synthesis

Beta-Lactam Antibiotics attack which cellular process and organelle

not taking meds, hygiene, mutation rate, gram ± bacteria, bacterial exposure taking the wrong bacteria

things that lead to antibiotic resistance

mutation

genetic mutation prevents antimicrobial to act as a competitive inhibitor

efflux

the process in which bacteria transport compounds outside the cell which are potentially toxic, such as drugs or chemicals or compounds.

destruction/inactivation

bacteria possess genes which produce enzymes that chemically degrade or deactivate the antimicrobial, rendering them ineffective against the bacterium

conjugation

a process where one bacterium directly transfers genetic material to another bacterium through physical contact

transduction

the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another

transformation

Bacteria can take up foreign DNA in a process called transformation.

pour the gell

day 0 of the lab:

We wait for the agar to cool to 55*, then we can add the antibiotic, pour the gel, and let it cool

1

day _ of the lab:

Using aseptic technique, we will plate both strain I and strain II on the same plate on separate sides to analyze if they are antibiotic resistant

2

day _ of the lab:

Using aseptic technique, we will take a sample of both strain I and strain II to plate of one conjoined plate. The goal is for conjugation to occur

3

day _ of the lab:

Using aseptic technique, we will plate strain I conjugate on our four separate plates to determine its resistance