Midterm IPNIP 228 (2,4,6,7,9

Health Promotion

Involves primary, secondary, and tertiary health prevention strategies.

Mammograms

Routine testes help in diagnosing breast cancer early and reducing morbidity from breast cancer.

Myometrium

The middle muscular uterine layer functional in pregnancy and labor.

Endometrium

The inner uterine layer functional in menstruation and implantation of a fertilized ovum.

Female Reproductive Cycle

Consists of hormone changes, maturation, and release of an ovum, and buildup/breakdown of the uterine lining.

True Pelvis

Most important in childbirth; divided into pelvic inlet, cavity, and outlet.

Fertilization Timeframe

The egg lives for only 24 hours after ovulation; fertilization must occur during that time.

Amenorrhea Causes

Can be caused by a lack of body fat; changing eating habits may resume normal period.

Toxic Shock Syndrome Prevention

Involves not allowing microorganisms the time to grow in the reproductive tract.

STI Treatment

Sexually transmitted infections must be adequately treated in all sexual contacts.

Contraception Role of Nurse

Provide education about effectiveness, risks, and benefits of different contraceptive methods.

Fertility Awareness Methods

Can be used to prevent pregnancy or increase the chance of achieving it.

Emergency Contraception

A progestin-only medication taken within 2 to 5 days of unprotected intercourse.

Condom Effectiveness

Condoms (male and female) offer the best protection from STIs.

Infertility Nursing Care

Includes education on human reproduction, lifestyle changes, and emotional support.

Menopause Symptoms

Common symptoms include hot flashes and vaginal dryness due to decreased hormonal activity.

Menopause Treatment Options

Menopause symptoms can be treated with nonmedical treatments for some individuals.

Goal of prenatal care

To develop collaborative relationships between the patient and healthcare team for the healthiest outcomes for mother and infant.

Pregnancy duration

40 weeks after the last menstrual period; can be calculated using Nägele’s rule.

Obstetrical ultrasound

Incorporated into routine care for monitoring pregnancy.

Signs of pregnancy

Positive signs include fetal heartbeat detection, fetal movements recognized by a trained examiner, and embryo or fetus visualization on ultrasound.

Weight gain during pregnancy

Optimal gain for individuals with a normal BMI is 11.5 to 16 kg (25 to 35 lb).

Blood volume changes in pregnancy

Pregnant individuals have a 40-50% increase in blood volume, resulting in physiological anemia.

Supine hypotension

Can occur when lying flat on back; can be relieved by turning to the side or using a pillow.

Nutritional needs during pregnancy

Increase intake of protein, iron, folic acid, and calcium; an extra daily snack is recommended.

Folic acid recommendation

0.4 mg/day preconception can reduce neural tube defects; increase to 1.0 mg/day if at risk.

Live-virus vaccines

Contraindicated during pregnancy.

Medication metabolism during pregnancy

Physiological changes during pregnancy influence how medications are metabolized.

Cultural Competence in Labour

Labouring patients and their families should receive care that respects their wishes, values, and cultural beliefs.

Signs to Go to Hospital During Labour

Hospital visit is needed for persistent contractions (4-5 min for nulliparas; 5-7 min for multiparas), ruptured membranes, unusual bleeding, decreased fetal movement, or other concerns.

First Stage of Labour

Lasts from onset of labour to 10 cm cervical dilation; divided into latent and active phases.

Second Stage of Labour

Extends from full cervical dilation until the birth of the newborn.

Third Stage of Labour

Covers the time from the birth of the newborn until the placenta is delivered.

Fourth Stage of Labour

Immediate postbirth recovery period lasting 1 to 2 hours; important for maternal stabilization.

Fetal Monitoring Methods

Intermittent auscultation is recommended for low-risk patients; continuous monitoring for high-risk patients.

Normal Fetal Heart Rate Range

The fetal heart rate is 110 to 160 beats/min.

FHR Tracing Information

Demonstrates the relationship between baseline FHR and uterine contractions; normal patterns confirm fetal oxygenation.

Positions During Labour

Upright and hands-and-knees positions promote fetal descent; supine position should be avoided to prevent compressing main blood vessels.

Risks in Labour Stages

Fetal risk in first and second stages is oxygen supply compromise; maternal risk in fourth stage is hemorrhage from uterine relaxation.

Pain during childbirth

Pain during childbirth is a normal process that is self-limiting and allows time for preparation.

Pain tolerance

A labouring patient’s pain threshold is constant; pain tolerance varies.

Causes of labour pain

Labour pain is caused by cervical dilation, uterine ischemia, and stretching of the vagina and perineum.

Childbirth preparation classes

These classes provide pain-management information and tools for use during labour.

Role of the nurse in pain management

The nurse supports relaxation, enhancing the effectiveness of pain management methods.

Regional anaesthetics

Common choice for pain relief during labour; allows the patient to remain awake.

Medication allergies assessment

It is essential to determine medication allergies upon admission to the labour and birth unit.

Postpartum monitoring after opioids

Monitor the postpartum patient and newborn for respiratory depression if opioids were received during labour.

Individualized Care

It is essential to consider each patient individually to incorporate their culture, values, beliefs, and special needs into the care plan.

Maternal Heart Rate Postpartum

A slight increase in maternal heart rate is common in the first hour after birth, but a persistently high pulse rate may indicate complications such as hemorrhage or infection.

Bladder Function Postpartum

A full bladder can interfere with uterine contractions, potentially leading to hemorrhage.

Postpartum Bowel Management

Promote bowel movements with fluid intake, a high-fibre diet, and activity.

Bonding and Attachment

Contact between parents and newborn is crucial for bonding and attachment; skin-to-skin contact should start immediately after birth.

Feeding Newborns on Demand

Newborns should be fed on demand based on cues to assess their hunger.

Breastfeeding Support

Early breastfeeding support reduces the risk of challenges and enhances milk production.

Gradual Weaning from Breastfeeding

Weaning should be gradual, starting with the least preferred feeding and ending with the most desired.

Postpartum Discharge Planning

Discharge planning includes educating the patient on normal findings, their significance, and what to report to the healthcare provider.

Newborn Assessment

Assessment of the newborn includes gestational age, weight, length measurements, reflexes, system assessments, and parental interaction.

Transition to Extrauterine Life

Transition occurs during the first 6 to 8 hours of life.

Heat Regulation

The newborn has an unstable heat-regulating system and must be kept warm.

Heat Loss Mechanisms

What happens in newborns occurs via conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation.

Birth Weight Loss

The newborn may lose up to 10% of their birth weight in the first few days but should return to birth weight by 2 weeks.

Newborn Reflexes

Important reflexes include the Moro reflex, rooting reflex, and tonic neck reflex.

Fontanelles

Fontanelles are 'soft spots' between skull bones that allow for moulding and brain growth.

Caput Succedaneum

Edema of the newborn’s scalp occurring during birth.

Cephalohematoma

Collection of blood under the periosteum of a cranial bone, not crossing suture lines.

Physiological Jaundice

Jaundice evident after 2-3 days of life, lasting about 1 week.

Hydration Assessment

Hydration in newborns can be evaluated by stools consistency, voiding frequency, sunken fontanelles, and tissue turgor.

Vernix Caseosa

A cheeselike substance that covers the newborn's skin at birth.

Meconium

The first stool of the newborn, changing from tarry greenish black to greenish yellow and then to yellow gold.

Infection Prevention

Hand hygiene is essential for preventing infection in newborns.

Newborn Screening Tests

Used to identify potential metabolic disorders, hearing impairment, and critical congenital heart disease.

Newborn Abductions

Nurses must keep the possibility of newborn abductions in mind during care.

Discharge Teaching

Includes newborn care, follow-up visits, community resources, and safety information.

Newborn Bath Purpose

To cleanse the skin, assess the newborn, and teach about newborn behavior to parents.

SIDS Prevention

Newborns should sleep on their back to decrease the risk of what?

Swaddling Position

When swaddling, the newborn's hips and knees should remain in a flexed, abducted position.