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orbicularis oris
speech muscle
attachments: maxilla, mandible
intrinsic ring: fibers encircle lips
extrinsic ring: fibers converging on OO from other muscles
function 1: lip rounder (/u/ as in “two”)
function 2: lip purser (/m/ as in “moo”)
function 3: lip compressor and sucker (/p/ or /m/)
buccinator
speech muscle
deep muscle
attachments: pterygomandibular ligament, upper and lower OO
fibers crisscross before attaching
function 1: compress lips against teeth and spread lips (/m/ or /p/)
function 2: dimple mouth corner
risorius
speech muscle
superficial to buccinator
attachments: masseter fascia, corner of OO
function: spread lips sideways
zygomatic major
facial expression muscle
attachments: zygomatic bone, corner of OO
function: draw corner of lips upward and to side as in a smile
zygomatic minor
facial expression muscle
attachments: zygomatic bone, upper OO lateral to midline
function: draw lips upward and to side as in a smile
levator labii superior
facial expression muscle
attachments: maxilla bone, upper OO lateral to midline
function: lift upper lift as in a sneer
depressor labii inferior
facial expression muscle
attachments: mandible, blend into lower OO lateral to midline
function: pull lower lip downward as in “duh”
levator anguli oris
facial expression muscle
attachments: maxilla, corner of OO, both upper and lower parts
function: pull corner of mouth upward as in a smile, also close mouth by drawing lower lip up
depressor anguli oris
facial expression muscle
attachments: mandible, corner of OO, mostly upper OO
function: pull corner of lip downward as in a “frown”
mentalis
facial expression muscle
attachments: mandible, midline of lower OO
function: outward curling of lower lip as in a pout, may contribute to /f/ or /v/
incisivus labii superior/inferior
facial expression muscle
attachments: maxilla/mandible then merge with OO on opposite corner
function: pull corners of lip toward center as in a lip pucker
platysma
facial expression muscle
superficial neck muscle
attachments: fascia covering pectoralis major and deltoid, mandible, blend corner OO
function: draw lip corners to side and downward as in a grimace
tip, blade, dorsum, root
what are the 4 regions of the tongue
root
muscles that attach to mandible to hyoid bone are considered what part of the tongue
intrinsic, extrinsic, and protruders
what are the 3 groups of tongue muscles
intrinsic tongue muslces
attachments within body of tongue, mostly change shape of tongue
extrinsic tongue muscles
one attachment outside body of tongue, change position of tongue
tongue protruder muscles
attach to root of tongue (mandible/hyoid bone), pull tongue forward
lingual aponeurosis and lingual septum
what does the tongue “skeleton” consist of
lingual aponeurosis
thin layer of connective tissue surrounding body of tongue
lingual septum
continuation of lingual aponeurosis through center of tongue
intrinsic tongue muscles
superior longitudinal, vertical, inferior longitudinal, and transverse muscles
superior longitudinal
intrinsic tongue muscle
attachments: lingual aponeurosis and hyoid bone
course: upper surface, length of tongue
functions: shorten tongue, curl tip up, symmetrically or to one side only
vertical
intrinsic tongue muscle
attachments: lingual aponeurosis and top-to-bottom of tongue body
course: variable, but mostly length of tongue
function: flatten tongue
inferior longitudinal
intrinsic tongue muscle
attachments: lingual aponeurosis and hyoid bone
course: lower surface of tongue, length of tongue
functions: shorten tongue, curl tip down, symmetrically or to one side only
transverse
intrinsic tongue muscle
attachments: lingual aponeurosis and lingual septum
course: side to side, comprise bulk of tongue
functions: narrow and elongate tongue
genioglossus
extrinsic tongue muscle
attachments: mandible, midline tongue, hyoid
function 1: protrudes tongue by pulling root (hyoid) forward (/th/)
function 2: pull middle of tongue into trough (/s/)
hyoglossus
extrinsic tongue muscle
attachments: hyoid, tongue body, lateral to genioglossus
functions: lower tongue body, backward movement of tongue (/aw/)
palatoglossus
extrinsic tongue muscle
attachments: back side of tongue, palatine aponeurosis
function: pull tongue dorsum up and back (/ng/ or /k/)
styloglossus
extrinsic tongue muscle
attachments: styloid process of temporal bone and tongue dorsum and body
function 1: pull tongue back and up (/ng/ or /k/)
function 2: pull tongue to one side
extrinsic tongue muscles
genioglossus, hyoglossus, palatoglossus, styloglossus
tongue protruder muscles
mylohyoid, geniohyoid, digastric (anterior belly)
angle, condylar process, coronoid process
what are the three landmarks of the mandible
angle
mandible landmark
site of muscle attachment
condylar process
mandible landmark
articulates with temporal bone
coronoid process
mandible landmark
site of muscle attachment
L. curved like a crow’s beak
temporomandibular joint
between condylar process and temporal bone
hinge, glide, translational
what are the 3 movements of the temporomandibular joint
hinge
temporomandibular joint movement
elevate and depress mandible
glide
temporomandibular joint movement
protrude mandible
translational
temporomandibular joint movement
move side to side
masseter, medial pterygoid, temporalis
what are the 3 elevator muscles
masseter
elevator muscle
superficial muscle
attachments: zygomatic bone and angle of mandible
function: pull mandible up and built for power
medial pterygoid
elevator muscle
parallel to masseter on medial side
attachments: medial pterygoid of sphenoid bone and angle of mandible
function: pull mandible up and same action as masseter
temporalis
elevator muscle
attachments: temporal bone and coronoid process of mandible
function: pull mandible up, same action as masseter and medial pterygoid, but built for speed rather than power
lateral pterygoid
glider muscle
attachments: lateral pterygoid of sphenoid bone and condylar process of mandible
function: pull or protrude mandible forward
mylohyoid, geniohyoid, digastric (anterior belly)
what are the 3 depressor muscles