Ch. 16 and 18 Review

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47 Terms

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Immunology
the study of the immune system and immune responses 
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humoral immunity
glycoproteins called antibodies are produced by B cells to destroy specific antigens 
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 active acquired immunity
* antibodies are produced within the person
* long lasting 
* There's two types: natural and artificial 
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Edward Jenner
pioneered the concept of vaccines by creating a smallpox vaccine
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Attenuated vaccine
vaccine made with a pathogen that has been weakened or made harmless
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Inactivated vaccine
vaccine made with a pathogen that has been killed and is less effective than live vaccines
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Toxoid vaccine
a vaccine made from a toxin that has been made harmless
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passive acquired immunity
* antibodies are received and usually temporary protection 
* There are two types: natural and artificial
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3 major categories of T cells

1. helper 
2. cytotoxic 
3. regulatory
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antigens
foreign organic substances that stimulate the production of antibodies 
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 T-dependent antigens
T cells are required in their processing 
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T-independent
the processing of these requires only B cells
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Primary response
 the initial immune response to an antigen
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Secondary response
increased production of antibodies following the second exposure to a particular antigen 
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5 types of immunoglobulins
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgM, IgG
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monoclonal antibodies
large amounts of specific antibodies produced by hybridomas 
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hybridoma
are made by combining a single plasma cell and a rapidly dividing tumor cell
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The antigen-antibody complex functions to activate which process?
Complement cascade
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cell mediated immunity
controls chronic infection by intracellular pathogens 
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 natural killer (NK) cells
* lack typical T or B cell surface markers 


* kill target cells 
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2 categories of hypersensitivity reactions
* Immediate


* Delayed type
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4 types of hypersensitivity reactions and which category they belong to
* Type l- aka anaphylactic reactions (immediate) 


* Type ll- intermediate 
* Type lll- intermediate 
* Type IV- delayed
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Describe what is happening in the Type I allergic response (include both primary and secondary exposures)
* during primary exposure; IgE antibodies produced 


* during secondary exposure: allergen causes degranulation 
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Type II hypersensitivity reactions
* also called cytotoxic reactions


* They activate which process which causes cell lysis of complement cascade 
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Type III hypersensitivity reactions
are also called immune complex reaction 
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rheumatoid arthritis
is an example of a disease involving Type III hypersensitivity reactions
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Type IV hypersensitivity reactions and give an example
* part of cell mediated immunity 


* prime mode of defense against intracellular bacteria and fungi 
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autoimmune disease:
a person’s immune system no longer recognizes body tissues as “self” and attempts to destroy those tissues 
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Hashimoto Thyroiditis
immune system attacks thyroid
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Guillain-Barre syndrome
immune system attacks nerves
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malnutrition
is the most common cause of immunosuppression worldwide
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agammaglobulinemia
these patients lack ability to produce antibodies 
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agglutination tests
blood typing; determines antigens present on surface of red blood cells 
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O-
universal donor
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AB+
universal recipient
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enteroviruses
family of viruses that have many viral infections of the skin caused
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chickenpox
* aka varicella 


* leading cause of vaccine preventable death in U.S. 
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shingles
* reactivation of the varicella virus 


* inflammation of the sensory nerves 
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German measles
* Rubella 
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Can German measles be a bad thing and cause birth defects if contracted by a pregnant female?
If contracted during the first trimester it can cause congenital rubella syndrome 
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Why must physicians still be familiar with smallpox?
physicians must be familiar with because of potential danger as bioterrorism agent 
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H5N1 strain
 strain of Avian influenza is the most virulent
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MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome)
first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012 
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viral hepatitis
inflammation  of the liver
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A and B
Which vaccines do we have for viral hepatitis?
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Lassa, Ebola, and Marburg virus 
List the 3 viruses from your notes that cause viral hemorrhagic diseases
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enveloped RNA virus
 type of virus causes rabies