Ch. 16 and 18 Review

Immunology

the study of the immune system and immune responses 

humoral immunity

glycoproteins called antibodies are produced by B cells to destroy specific antigens 

 active acquired immunity

• antibodies are produced within the person

• long lasting

• There's two types: natural and artificial

Edward Jenner

pioneered the concept of vaccines by creating a smallpox vaccine

Attenuated vaccine

vaccine made with a pathogen that has been weakened or made harmless

Inactivated vaccine

vaccine made with a pathogen that has been killed and is less effective than live vaccines

Toxoid vaccine

a vaccine made from a toxin that has been made harmless

passive acquired immunity

• antibodies are received and usually temporary protection

• There are two types: natural and artificial

3 major categories of T cells

1. helper

2. cytotoxic

3. regulatory

antigens

foreign organic substances that stimulate the production of antibodies 

 T-dependent antigens

T cells are required in their processing 

T-independent

the processing of these requires only B cells

Primary response

 the initial immune response to an antigen

Secondary response

increased production of antibodies following the second exposure to a particular antigen 

5 types of immunoglobulins

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgM, IgG

monoclonal antibodies

large amounts of specific antibodies produced by hybridomas 

hybridoma

are made by combining a single plasma cell and a rapidly dividing tumor cell

The antigen-antibody complex functions to activate which process?

Complement cascade

cell mediated immunity

controls chronic infection by intracellular pathogens 

 natural killer (NK) cells

• lack typical T or B cell surface markers

• kill target cells

2 categories of hypersensitivity reactions

• Immediate

• Delayed type

4 types of hypersensitivity reactions and which category they belong to

• Type l- aka anaphylactic reactions (immediate)

• Type ll- intermediate

• Type lll- intermediate

• Type IV- delayed

Describe what is happening in the Type I allergic response (include both primary and secondary exposures)

• during primary exposure; IgE antibodies produced

• during secondary exposure: allergen causes degranulation

Type II hypersensitivity reactions

• also called cytotoxic reactions

• They activate which process which causes cell lysis of complement cascade

Type III hypersensitivity reactions

are also called immune complex reaction 

rheumatoid arthritis

is an example of a disease involving Type III hypersensitivity reactions

Type IV hypersensitivity reactions and give an example

• part of cell mediated immunity

• prime mode of defense against intracellular bacteria and fungi

autoimmune disease:

a person’s immune system no longer recognizes body tissues as “self” and attempts to destroy those tissues 

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

immune system attacks thyroid

Guillain-Barre syndrome

immune system attacks nerves

malnutrition

is the most common cause of immunosuppression worldwide

agammaglobulinemia

these patients lack ability to produce antibodies 

agglutination tests

blood typing; determines antigens present on surface of red blood cells 

O-

universal donor

AB+

universal recipient

enteroviruses

family of viruses that have many viral infections of the skin caused

chickenpox

• aka varicella

• leading cause of vaccine preventable death in U.S.

shingles

• reactivation of the varicella virus

• inflammation of the sensory nerves

German measles

* Rubella 

Can German measles be a bad thing and cause birth defects if contracted by a pregnant female?

If contracted during the first trimester it can cause congenital rubella syndrome 

Why must physicians still be familiar with smallpox?

physicians must be familiar with because of potential danger as bioterrorism agent 

H5N1 strain

 strain of Avian influenza is the most virulent

MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome)

first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012 

viral hepatitis

inflammation  of the liver

A and B

Which vaccines do we have for viral hepatitis?

Lassa, Ebola, and Marburg virus 

List the 3 viruses from your notes that cause viral hemorrhagic diseases

enveloped RNA virus

 type of virus causes rabies