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Immunology
the study of the immune system and immune responses
humoral immunity
glycoproteins called antibodies are produced by B cells to destroy specific antigens
active acquired immunity
antibodies are produced within the person
long lasting
There's two types: natural and artificial
Edward Jenner
pioneered the concept of vaccines by creating a smallpox vaccine
Attenuated vaccine
vaccine made with a pathogen that has been weakened or made harmless
Inactivated vaccine
vaccine made with a pathogen that has been killed and is less effective than live vaccines
Toxoid vaccine
a vaccine made from a toxin that has been made harmless
passive acquired immunity
antibodies are received and usually temporary protection
There are two types: natural and artificial
3 major categories of T cells
helper
cytotoxic
regulatory
antigens
foreign organic substances that stimulate the production of antibodies
T-dependent antigens
T cells are required in their processing
T-independent
the processing of these requires only B cells
Primary response
the initial immune response to an antigen
Secondary response
increased production of antibodies following the second exposure to a particular antigen
5 types of immunoglobulins
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgM, IgG
monoclonal antibodies
large amounts of specific antibodies produced by hybridomas
hybridoma
are made by combining a single plasma cell and a rapidly dividing tumor cell
The antigen-antibody complex functions to activate which process?
Complement cascade
cell mediated immunity
controls chronic infection by intracellular pathogens
natural killer (NK) cells
lack typical T or B cell surface markers
kill target cells
2 categories of hypersensitivity reactions
Immediate
Delayed type
4 types of hypersensitivity reactions and which category they belong to
Type l- aka anaphylactic reactions (immediate)
Type ll- intermediate
Type lll- intermediate
Type IV- delayed
Describe what is happening in the Type I allergic response (include both primary and secondary exposures)
during primary exposure; IgE antibodies produced
during secondary exposure: allergen causes degranulation
Type II hypersensitivity reactions
also called cytotoxic reactions
They activate which process which causes cell lysis of complement cascade
Type III hypersensitivity reactions
are also called immune complex reaction
rheumatoid arthritis
is an example of a disease involving Type III hypersensitivity reactions
Type IV hypersensitivity reactions and give an example
part of cell mediated immunity
prime mode of defense against intracellular bacteria and fungi
autoimmune disease:
a person’s immune system no longer recognizes body tissues as “self” and attempts to destroy those tissues
Hashimoto Thyroiditis
immune system attacks thyroid
Guillain-Barre syndrome
immune system attacks nerves
malnutrition
is the most common cause of immunosuppression worldwide
agammaglobulinemia
these patients lack ability to produce antibodies
agglutination tests
blood typing; determines antigens present on surface of red blood cells
O-
universal donor
AB+
universal recipient
enteroviruses
family of viruses that have many viral infections of the skin caused
chickenpox
aka varicella
leading cause of vaccine preventable death in U.S.
shingles
reactivation of the varicella virus
inflammation of the sensory nerves
German measles
Rubella
Can German measles be a bad thing and cause birth defects if contracted by a pregnant female?
If contracted during the first trimester it can cause congenital rubella syndrome
Why must physicians still be familiar with smallpox?
physicians must be familiar with because of potential danger as bioterrorism agent
H5N1 strain
strain of Avian influenza is the most virulent
MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome)
first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012
viral hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
A and B
Which vaccines do we have for viral hepatitis?
Lassa, Ebola, and Marburg virus
List the 3 viruses from your notes that cause viral hemorrhagic diseases
enveloped RNA virus
type of virus causes rabies
Note
Flashcard