foundational concepts modules- infection control and isolation: inflammatory response

Inflammatory response

body defense that is activated when body is injured, foreign substances are present of infectious agents attack

Steps of inflammation

recognition of harmful stimuli by pattern receptors, activation of inflammatory pathway, release inflammatory markers, recruitment of inflammatory cells

Inflammatory responses categories

infectious and noninfectious

Infectious triggers

virus, bacteria, fungi, other micro organisms

Non infectious triggers physical, psychological, biological, and chemical

frostbite, trauma, foreign objects entering body, alcohol, toxins, glucose, excitement, damaged cells

Antihistamines like diphenhydramine

block histamine and helps prevents swelling, itching

Solitary occurrence of inflammation

ball hitting eye

Inflammation can be positive or negative

can lead to tissue destruction and cancer

Manifestations of inflammation

heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function

Inflammatory response sequence of occurrence

bacteria invades open wound → histamine, kinins, prostaglandins arrive to site → plasma from blood enters site → phagocystosis occurs → pus develops

Non specific markers whose increased levels in blood increase when inflammation is present

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Stages of infection

incubation, prodromal, acute illness, period of decline, period of convalescence

Incubation

stage 1, may not feel ill or have manifestations, may be detectable through testing, lasts from pt exposure to when first symptom appears. Differs for each infectious agent

Prodromal

stage 2, initial manifestation as agent replicates, fever, aches, poor appetite, malaise

Acute illness

stage 3, manifestation of specific infectious disease obvious, infection considered severe

Period of decline

stage 4, manifestations began to subside as number of infectious agents in body decreases

Period of convalescence

last stage pt returns to balance state of health, some infections are severe enough that pt might not ever regain all previous functions and leaves lasting effects

Types of infections

local or systemic infectious agent can cause both

Local

confined to one area of body

Systemic

start at one part of the body and move to the blood stream and infect the entire body. Antibiotics and monitoring are needed to treat this type

Diagnostic testing

detect disease, severitiy, specifics and more. some can tell presence but not specific type

Increased WBC

inflammation or infection, higher the more severe

Neutropenia

low WBC, indicates body unable to fight infection and vulnerable to futher infection

Neutrophils

55 to 70%, first responder to injury, eat bacteria (phagocytosis)

Another name for neutrophils

polymorphonuclear leukocytes or segmented neutrophils

Immature neutrophils

bands or stabs indicating left shift (ongoing infection)

Lymphocytes

20 to 40%, fight chronic bacterial infections, fight acute viruses

Two types of lymphocytes

T cells and B cells

Types of t cells

killer cells, T4, helper cells, and suppressor cells

Monocytes

2 to 8%, phagocytes that clean up tissue damage from injury or infection, produce interferon, enhance immune response, produced rapidly

Eosinophils

1 to 4%, active in allergic rxns, and parasitic infections, can perform phagocytosis, fight inflammation and infection, # decreases as allergic rxn diminishes

Basophils

0.5 to 1%, releases histamine, serotonin, heparin, can perform phagocytosis, aka mast cells