Unit 1 AP Euro

Black Death

Plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351

Hundred Years' War

England-France conflict over the French throne that fueled national identity and set up the new monarchies

Communes

free men who formed associations for economic independence from nobles

Popolo

Urban underclass

Signori

Most powerful (and wealthiest) man to sit on city councils

Balance of Power in Italy City-States

Competition

Medici

Banking family of florence

Borgia

Powerful family in Rome

Humanism

study of Latin and Greek writings to understand and celebrate human nature and achievements

Petrarch

Believed that rediscovery of classical text would bring a new age of intellectualism (founder of Humanism)

Boccaccio's Decameron

Written in the vernacular of the Florentine language (most were written in Latin)

Castiglione's Book of the Courtier

to train the proper courtly gentleman: speak and write eloquently

Machiavelli's The Prince

Brought the creation of bigger armies

Civic Humanism

humanism in Italian Renaissance

Christian Humanism

a movement that developed in northern renaissance combining classical learning with reforming catholic church

Characteristics of Art in the Renaissance

Geometry

Brunelleschi's Dome

First modern dome of renaissance. Classical columns from ancient times

Leon Battista Alberti

An accomplished humanist scholar who was an architect playwright

Thomas More Utopia

fictional island with effective govt

Erasmus

Root of protestant reformation

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter

Patronage

financial/political support that wealthy elites and Catholic Church gave to artists

Reconquista

centuries-long campaign by Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula to expel Muslim (Moorish) rule 1100-1492

Gutenburg's Printing Press

Rise in literacy

Gold

God

Marco Polo

Venetian Trader and Explorer

Venice

Wealthy Italian city state

Genoa

Rival of Venetian city state. Traded with North African ports and western european cities. Had money but lacked ships

Bartholomew Dias

rounded the Cape of Good Hope (1487)

Vasco de Gama

reached India (1498)

Caravel

15th-century 3-masted ship; deep hull carried more cargo/supplies

Ptolemy's Geography

shoed Earth was round

Astrolabe

used to determine altitude of polestar or sun to chart navigational positions

Amerigo Vespucci

Florentine navigator who sailed for Spain and recognized the Americas as a "New World

Henry the Navigator

king's younger son -- interest in navigation helps fund expeditions

Treaty of Tordesillas

boundary in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas: Meridian at 370 leagues

Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China. landed in bahamas and saw indigenous ppl (1451-1506)

Hernan Cortes

explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.

Dona Marina

translator for Cortes

Magellan

1st to circumnavigate the globe -- men survived on rats and sawdust (spain)

Viceroyals

governors

Aztec Empire

Led by Montezuma at capital Tenochtitlan

Pizarro

Spanish soldier

Incan Empire

large empire

Pedro Cabral

accidentally landed in Brazil and claimed territory for Portugal under Treaty of Tordesillas and used African slaves

Mercantilism

Power of state comes from nation's international power and wealth mainly in gold and silver

Encomienda System

forced use of indigenous labor as tribute

Bartolome de las Casas

Dominican friar who spoke out against mistreatment of indigenous under encomienda

Columbian Exchange

transatlantic transfer of animals

Silver button

?

Dutch east india Company

formed to take over the spice trade from Portugal by working with local rulers and establishing control in India and Southeast Asia.

Michel de Montaigne

Father of "skepticism

Shakespeare

product of Northern Renaissance

Renaissance

“rebirth” began in northern italy and spread to Europe

humanists

study classical civilization, human beings and their dignity