Cilliates : Balantidium coli

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53 Terms

1

Ciliates

Protozoans parasite

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Cilia

Hair-like cytoplasmic extensions

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Balantidium coli

Largest protozoan parasite affecting humans and the only ciliate known to cause disease in humans.

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Ovoid to sac-shaped

Shape of trophozoite

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Balantidium

little bag

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Neobalantidium coli or Balantioides coli

Other names

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Paramecium coli

Identified as ____________ by Malmsten in 1857.

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Balantidiasis , balantidiosis, or balantidial desentery

Its Zoonotic disease

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9

Pigs

Normal host

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Rotary, boring motility

Motility

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Covered with cilia arranged in a longitudinal pattern extending from the oral to the caudal region

Locomotion (trophozoite)

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Cytostome

Oral apparatus; acquire food

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Cytopyge

Waste excretion

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14

Macronucleus and Micronucleus

2 nuclei under trophozoite

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osmoregulatory organelles

Function of the 2 vacuoles

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16

Macronucleus

Bean-shaped or kidney bean shaped; can easily be identified in stained preparations; often appear as a hyaline mask especially in unstained preparations

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Micronucleus

Small dot-like nucleus; round and lies in the concavity of the macronucleus; often not readily visible even in stained preparations

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Cytoplasm

May contain food vacuoles and ingested microbes

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Mucocysts

Extrusive organelles; located beneath the cell membrane; might have a function in the adhesion of the parasitic ciliates; may contribute to the parasite virulence (no definitive study to prove)

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Cyst

Spherical or subspherical to slightly ovoid in shape

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Cyst

Are covered with thick cell walls and they are referred to as “double walled cyst”

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Mature cyst

This cyst tend to lose their cilia

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23

Cyst

Only macronucleus is seen

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24

Cyst

Infective stage

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Trophozoite and cyst stage

Diagnostic stage

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26

Ingestion of food and/or water contaminated with Balantidium coli cysts

Mode of transmission

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4-5 days

Incubation period

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Small intestine

Where excystation occurs

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Asexual

asymmetric binary fission (transverse binary fission

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conjugation

conjugation

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Lumen

Where encystation occurs

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Binary fission

A method of asexual reproduction in which a single parasite divides either longitudinally or transversely into 2 or more equal number of parasite

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Transverse binary fission

Mode of replication for ciliates

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Longitudinal binary fission

Mode of replication for flagellates

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35

Rounded base with wide neck ulcers

Characteristic ulcer , caused by hyaluronidase

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Hyaluronidase

Lytic enzyme secreted by the trophozoite

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  • Intestinal perforation

  • Acute appendicitis

Complications of balantidiasis

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Co-infection with other organisms

may also contribute to the severity of the Balantidium coli infection

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Intrinsic host factors that contribute to host susceptibility and severity of B. coli infection

  • Nutritional status

  • Intestinal bacterial flora

  • Achlorhydria

  • Alcoholisms

  • Presence of chronic disease

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Nutritional status

Poor nutrition can weaken the immune system

Can make the body more susceptible to infections

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Intestinal bacterial flora

The balance of bacteria in the intestines can influence how easily B.coli can infect the host

An imbalance in the normal flora may make it easier for the parasite to thrive

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Achlorhydria

Refers to a lack of stomach acid

Normally helps kill harmful microorganisms

Without sufficient stomach acid the body is now vulnerable to infections including B.coli

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Alcoholisms

Can weaken the immune system

Also alters gut flora and may damage the gastrointestinal tract

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Presence of chronic disease

Can impair immune function making it easier for infections like Balantidiasis to develop

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  • Asymptomatic carriers

  • Fulminant Balantidiasis / Balantidial Desentery

  • Chronic Balantidiasis

Clinical Manifestations

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Asymptomatic carriers

Do not present with diarrhea or dysentery

May serve as parasite reservoir in the community

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Fulminant Balantidiasis / Balantidial Desentery

Diarrhea with bloody and mucoid stools, sometimes may be indistinguishable from amebic dysentery

Acute cases may have 6 to 15 episodes of diarrhea per day accompanied by abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting

Often associated with immunocompromised and malnourished states

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Chronic Balantidiasis

Diarrhea may alternate with constipation

May be accompanied by nonspecific symptoms such as abdominal pain or cramping, anemia, and cachexia

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  • Direct Examination

  • Concentration techniques

  • Sigmoidoscopy

Laboratory Diagnosis

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Bronchoalveolar washings

Diagnosis in cases of pulmonary infection

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Lugol’s iodine

sometimes used for staining, but may obscure internal morphological features

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  • Tetracycline

  • Metronidazole

TREATMENT

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  • Iodoquinol

  • Doxycycline

  • Nitazoxanide

Other alternative treatments

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