Organisms that cause infection, such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
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Restriction factors
Intracellular proteins in bacteria that defend against viruses.
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Innate immune response
General defense actions that can involve any cell type in an organism.
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Adaptive immune response
Specific immune reactions that are highly tailored to the particular pathogen that induced them.
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Lymphocytes
A class of white blood cells involved in the immune response.
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B Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes that secrete antibodies that bind specifically to pathogens.
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T lymphocytes
Lymphocytes that can directly kill cells infected with pathogens.
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Epithelial surfaces
The outermost layers of skin and lining of respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts that provide physical and chemical barriers to pathogen invasion.
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Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
Receptor proteins that recognize specific repeating patterns called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on pathogens.
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Inflammatory response
A response triggered by the activation of PRRs, resulting in the production of extracellular signal molecules that mediate inflammation.
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Phagocytic cells
Cells that engulf and destroy pathogens, such as macrophages and neutrophils.
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Complement activation
Activation of a system of proteins that target pathogens for phagocytosis or lysis.
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B cells
Lymphocytes responsible for producing antibodies that can bind to specific antigens.
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Immunoglobulins
Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells and plasma cells that can bind to specific antigens.
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T cells
Lymphocytes involved in recognizing specific antigens and coordinating immune responses.
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MHC proteins
Cell surface molecules that present antigens to T cells for recognition.
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IgM
It is the first antibody produced during an immune response and is particularly effective at activating the complement system.
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IgG
It is the most abundant class of antibodies in the bloodstream and is involved in long-term immunity.
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IgA
It is primarily found in secretions such as saliva, tears, and breast milk, providing localized protection on mucosal surfaces.
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IgE
It is involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasitic infections.
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IgD
It is primarily found on the surface of naive B cells, serving as a BCR.
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Cytokines
Helper T cells release chemical messengers called cytokines.
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Perforin and Granzymes
Cytotoxic substances released by cytotoxic cells.
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MHC proteins
It also known as human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) in humans, are cell surface molecules that present antigens to T cells.
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Flashcard (52)