Chapter 10: The Endocrine System

These flashcards cover key concepts from Chapter 10 about the endocrine system, including hormonal functions, mechanisms, and related disorders.

The most common type of cell communication involves the release of __ into interstitial fluid and blood.

chemical messengers

Both the endocrine and nervous systems share the common goal of preserving __.

homeostasis

In the endocrine system, long-term communication is provided by __, while the nervous system provides short, quick communication.

hormones

Water-soluble hormones bind to receptors on the plasma membrane and use __ as a second messenger to alter enzyme activity in the cell.

cyclic-AMP (cAMP)

The primary endocrine organs include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and __.

pancreas

Peptide hormones are most synthesized as __, which are inactive molecules converted to active before or after secretion.

prohormones

Lipid-soluble hormones pass directly through the target cell's plasma membrane and bind to receptors in the and .

cytoplasm; nucleus

The posterior pituitary secretes __, which increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin)

The hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that affects electrolyte balance is called __.

Aldosterone

Insulin produced by beta cells in the pancreas increases the uptake and use of __ by various cells in the body.

glucose

The hormone __ increases Ca2+ in bloodstream when levels fall below normal range, most important for Ca2+ homeostasis.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with __, where body cells do not respond properly to insulin despite normal production.

insulin resistance

During the resistance phase of the stress response, __ are the dominant hormones.

glucocorticoids

The hormone primarily responsible for the fight or flight response during the alarm phase of stress is __.

epinephrine