Period 4 APUSH Terms

Market Revolution

Revolution of industrialization and advancements in technology across the US.

Steamboat

Innovation with the steam engine that allowed trade across water upstream and downstream.

Erie Canal

Canal that went across NY, economically beneficial for the North.

Telegraph

System of communication through symbols such as Morse Code, transportation and messages got through a lot quicker.

Cotton Kingdom

Nickname for the south, since they had an abundance of agricultural farming of cotton in that area.

Cotton Gin

Machine that separated cotton seeds from cotton fibers, made labor and export of cotton from the south a lot easier.

Porkopolis

Nickname for Cincinnati, Ohio since they had a large meat industry.

American system of manufactures

Item parts that could easily be interchangeable, more convenient for factories to produce.

Mill girls

Many young girls who found work in the textile mills, but did not get paid well and working conditions were not desirable.

Nativism

Favoring native inhabitants over immigrants, having the view that immigrants were taking over the jobs and that they should leave.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Court case where the court ruled that the private college’s charter was a contract protected by the Constitution’s contract clause

Gibbons v. Ogden

Enforcing federal power over state power, when a ship charter was broken, but Gibbons had the federal license even though he trespassed.

Manifest Destiny

Expansion of the US westward.

Transcendentalists

Connection to nature and individualism, opposing some social and political changes from the Market Revolution

Second Great Awakening

Second religious revival, also inspired ideas such as women’s rights and abolition. Created rationalism and different religious sectors, methodist and baptist.

Individualism

Social theory favoring the freedom of the individual over collective/state control.

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

Mormon group, who relocated to Utah in lead by Brigham Young.

Cult of Domesticity

Define a woman’s true role in the house as a virtuous caregiver. Emphasized the separation of public spheres between men and women.

Family Wage

A man’s wage should be enough to support the entire family.

Andrew Jackson 1829 - 1837

Populist president that promoted ideals of the people. Gained a lot of controversy due to his veto of the Second National Bank.

Democracy in America - Tocqueville

Tocqueville examines the democratic revolution that has happened in America, impressed by the amount of personal freedom and the concepts of liberty integrated into society.

American System

Three actions to benefit America: Establish national bank, fund infrastructure construction, and protective tariffs. The idea suggested by Henry Clay 1819.

Tarriff of 1816

First protective tariff, shield American industries from foreign countries such as Britain. Benefit Northern farmers but opposition from the South.

Panic of 1819

Economic crisis in America. Caused by post-war struggles of the War of 1812, decline for demand of cotton, inability to pay back loans.

McCulloch v. Maryland 1819

Ruled that the Second National Bank was constitutional and that Maryland could not tax it. Assume that government has implied power.

Era of Good Feelings

Period of rising nationalism and one party Democratic-Republican rule of President Monroe. After the war of 1812.

War of 1812

Conflict fought between US and Britain between 1812-1815. Caused by British impressment, support for Native American alliance against US, and resisting US expansion. Fought along Canadian border.

Adam-Onis Treaty

Landmark treaty between US and Spain that ceded Florida to the US. Defined boundary between US and Spain territory.

Monroe Doctrine

Document published by Monroe’s vice president, John Quincy Adams, declared that US trade and relations are off limits to Britain. Stay out of US affairs.

Missouri Compromise 1820

Law that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Drew a line across Louisiana Purchase territory, 36 30 line. Slavery was prohibited north of the line.

“Corrupt Bargain” election of 1824

Jackson won by popularity, but Henry Clay decided to support Adams, and he won instead. 

Trail of Tears

Path of which Native Americans took across the west of the US, since US was expanding and kicked them out of their native land.

Bank War

Struggle between Jackson and the Second National Bank, led by Nicholas Biddle, over the bank’s charter. Jackson vetoed this, saying that the bank was unconstitutional.

Soft money and hard money

Former is currency backed by paper money, while latter is currency backed by silver and gold.

Democratic Party

Evolved from Democratic Republican, led by President Andrew Jackson. Expanded suffrage to all white men, state rights and limited government, opposing high tariffs.

Spoils system

Victorious political party gave government jobs to its supporters to express loyality.

Tariff of abominations (Tariff of 1828)

Significantly raised prices of imported goods to protect Northern industries. Southerners argued that this benefited Northerns at the cost of the South and their agricultural efforts. Led to nullification crisis 1832.

Exposition and protest

South Carolina’s protest that they should have state power to nullify federal laws. Led by Calhoun.

Nullification Crisis of 1832

Southern states imposing on the federal tariff of 1828. They viewed these tariffs as unconstitutional and wanted state power to reject the tax, be void.

Force Act

Act passed after the Exposition and Protest so that military action could be taken to convince South Carolina to pay tariffs.

Indian Removal Act

Authorized the removal of Indian tribes to the west, resulted in the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Indians. 

Worcester v. Georgia

Argue that states did not have the right to impose laws on independent Indian tribes. 

Pet Banks

Deposits from the federal bank were placed in state banks.

Panic of 1837

Economic crisis that led to bank failure, stock market drop, and mass unemployment. Jackson redirected federal deposits to state banks, which weakened the national financial system and caused problems with loans.

“Peculiar Institution”

Institution of slavery that was unique to the South.

King Cotton

Nickname for South’s economy that revolved around cotton production, which made it hte dominant crop in the region.

Second Middle Passage

Passage similar to the Atlantic Slave trade, but slaves were distributed within the US.

Domestic Slave Trade

Buying and selling of slaves.

Upper and Lower South planter class

Upper Planter class owned the majority of slaves and had better farmland, economic benefits. Lower planter class depended on slavery for economic export.

Paternalism

Idea that justified slavery. A slaveowner takes good care of his wife, children, and slaves.

proslavery argument

Slavery is beneficial to the US and to the economy, racism, slaves are destined to be slaves, great civilizations before the US have exhibited slavery, so the US is just continuing a pattern.

fugitive slaves

Slaves that escaped/released by their slave owners.

underground railroad

Underground series of tunnels in which slaves escaped through. Many groups, such as Oneidas, Shawnees, and Ottawas helped escaped slaves hide in their homes.

Harriet Tubman

Abolitionist and escapee from slavery. Went back to the Underground Railroad many times to guide other slaves to freedom.

The Amistad

Ship was originally destined to transport slaves to Cuba, but it ended up in Long Island USA. Slaves were freed and sent to Africa.

Denmark Vesey’s Conspiracy 1822

Plot by a free black man in South Carolina to lead a slave revolt in the city. The plan was betrayed and the slaves were put down before the revolt could happen.

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Slave who believed that he was destined by God to lead a rebellion. Almost 60 whites were killed but it led to the tightening of many restrictions on free and enslaved blacks.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American philosopher who led the transcendentalist movement in the 19th century. 

Henry David Thoreau

Promosted individualist and transcendentalist ideals, people should discover self-improvement and liberty within themselves.

Hudson River School

Distinct art movement in the 19th century that set American art apart from Europe. Emphasized landscapes and the nature, connected to transcendentalism. Create distinct American identity.

Evangelism

Preaching through oral story and personal experience of Christianity.

Joseph Smith

Founder of the Mormon group, wrote the Book of Mormon.

Utopian Communities

Communities that aimed to be perfect, and a model for others. Inspired from the Second Great Awakening. “City on a hill”

Shakers

Religious group that believed that women and men were equal. Did not live a traditional life where women and men had separate spheres, but as a community with non-conforming tasks.

Oneida

Controversial group in Oneida, where complex marriages and adultery was promoted in a respected way. Noyes in NY.

Communitarianism

Property and rights were owned by the people, not the government.

New Harmony

Utopian community formed by Robert Owen in Indiana, focused on principles of social equality and respected labor, comfortable housing and a healthy environment. Inspired many utopian communities even though it did not last long.

Perfectionism

Social ills could be cured through individual development as a community.

Temperance Movement

Limiting or completely not allowing the practice of drinking.

Prisons and asylums

Places for the mentally insane, mentally ill. people believed that anyone can be cured if they walk through the doors of asylums.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Book published by Harriet Beecher that illustrated the harsh conditions that slaves went through.

“Gentleman of property and standing”  

People in power that could dismantle abolitionist movements, commonly through mobs.

Gag rule

Supreme Court would not pass any laws that related to abolition.

Dorothea Dix

American activist who managed to establish around 28 hospitals for the mentally ill in many states.

Common schools

Schools funded by the tax of the state, educated people in order to gain more awareness and protect the institution.

American Colonization Society

Society who believed that slaves and immigrants should return to their country of origin.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Society who believed that slavery should be immediately abolished, instead of gradual emancipation.

Moral Suasion

Influencing behavior through ethics, rather than legal force and violence.

Abolitionist movement

Campaign to end slavery in the US. Gained momentum from the Second Great Awakening, which deemed slavery as a great sin.

William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist but not a supporter of feminism, published The Liberator.

Frederick Douglass

Fugitive slave who became a national leader in abolition, and supported women’s rights and Declaration of Sentiments.

Seneca Falls Convention

Congregation in Seneca Falls NY, argued that women should have equal rights as men.

Woman suffrage

Women have the right to vote.

Feminism

Equality of both genders in social, political, and economical standing.

Liberty Party

Abolitionist political party who want to use the political system to end slavery.