BIOL 241: EXAM 1
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166 Terms
What is the smallest living unit
Cell
What is the smallest nonliving unit
Atom
What is an element
A substance made entirely of one type of atom.
What is matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space.
What is an atom
The basic unit of an element.
What are the three major subatomic particles
Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
What charge does a proton have
Positive (+1).
What charge does a neutron have
No charge (0).
What charge does an electron have
Negative (-1).
Where are protons located
In the nucleus.
Where are neutrons located
In the nucleus.
Where are electrons located
In regions surrounding the nucleus.
What is the atomic number
The number of protons in an atom.
What is the mass number
The number of protons plus neutrons.
How do you calculate the number of neutrons
Mass number minus atomic number.
In a neutral atom, how do the numbers of protons and electrons compare
They are equal.
What is an isotope
An atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons.
What is the difference between carbon-12 and carbon-14
Both have 6 protons, but carbon-12 has 6 neutrons and carbon-14 has 8 neutrons.
What does 2H mean
Two separate hydrogen atoms.
What does H₂ mean
One molecule containing two hydrogen atoms.
What are valence electrons
Electrons in an atom's outermost electron shell.
How many bonds does carbon typically form
Four.
How many bonds does hydrogen typically form
One.
How many bonds does nitrogen typically form
Three.
How many bonds does oxygen typically form
Two.
How many bonds does fluorine typically form
One.
What is electronegativity
An atom's ability to attract shared electrons.
What is a nonpolar covalent bond
A covalent bond in which electrons are shared approximately equally.
What is a polar covalent bond
A covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally.
What happens in an ionic bond
Electrons are transferred, producing oppositely charged ions.
What is a cation
A positively charged ion.
What is an anion
A negatively charged ion.
What does δ− mean
A partial negative charge.
What does δ+ mean
A partial positive charge.
What is a hydrogen bond
An attraction between a partially positive hydrogen and a partially negative electronegative atom.
What makes a molecule hydrophilic
It is generally polar or charged and can interact with water.
What makes a molecule hydrophobic
It is generally nonpolar and does not interact well with water.
Why is water polar
Oxygen attracts shared electrons more strongly than hydrogen, producing partial charges.
What is cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance.
What is adhesion
Attraction between molecules of different substances.
Why does water have strong cohesion
Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with one another.
Why is water a good solvent
Its polarity allows it to interact with and surround ions and polar molecules.
How does water help stabilize temperature
It requires substantial energy to change temperature because of its molecular interactions.
What does an acid do to H⁺ concentration
It increases H⁺ concentration.
What happens to pH when H⁺ concentration increases
pH decreases.
What does a base do
It decreases H⁺ concentration or increases OH⁻ concentration.
What happens to pH when OH⁻ concentration increases
pH increases.
What is a buffer
A substance/system that resists changes in pH.
What is the formula for pH
pH = -log[H⁺].
What is the formula for pOH
pOH = -log[OH⁻].
What is the relationship between pH and pOH at 25°C
pH + pOH = 14.
How do you calculate H⁺ concentration from pH
[H⁺] = 10^(-pH).
How do you calculate OH⁻ concentration from pOH
[OH⁻] = 10^(-pOH).
What is carbon's typical number of covalent bonds
Four.
Why can carbon create such diverse molecules
It can form four covalent bonds and bond with many different atoms, including other carbon atoms.
What is a hydrocarbon
A molecule containing only carbon and hydrogen.
What structural forms can hydrocarbons have
Chains, branches, rings, and different chain lengths.
What are the four major biological macromolecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
What is a monomer
A small building-block molecule used to make a larger molecule.
What is a polymer
A large molecule made from repeating monomer units.
What does a dehydration reaction do
It joins molecules while removing water.
What does hydrolysis do
It breaks molecules apart by adding water.
Why are lipids not considered true polymers
They do not consist of repeating monomer units like proteins, nucleic acids, and many carbohydrates.
What property generally groups lipids together
They are largely hydrophobic/nonpolar and do not dissolve well in water.
What are the monomers of proteins
Amino acids.
What are the monomers of nucleic acids
Nucleotides.
What are the monomers of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides.
What is a monosaccharide
A single sugar unit.
What is a disaccharide
Two monosaccharides joined together.
What is a polysaccharide
A carbohydrate made of many sugar units.
What is glucose
A monosaccharide commonly used as cellular fuel.
What is starch
A plant storage polysaccharide.
What is glycogen
An animal storage polysaccharide.
What is cellulose
A structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls.
Can humans digest cellulose
No, humans lack the enzymes needed to break its specific linkages.
What connects carbohydrate monomers
Glycosidic linkages.
What is a triglyceride made of
One glycerol and three fatty acids.
What is the major role of triglycerides
Long-term energy storage.
What is a phospholipid made of
Glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate-containing group.
What is the major role of phospholipids
They form the basic structure of cell membranes.
Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic
The phosphate-containing head.
Which parts of a phospholipid are hydrophobic
The fatty acid tails.
What is the characteristic structure of a steroid
Four fused carbon rings.
What is cholesterol
A steroid that has important roles in membranes and as a precursor for certain hormones.
What are proteins made of
Amino acids.
What is the R group of an amino acid
The variable side chain that determines many of an amino acid's properties.
What properties can R groups differ in
Size, shape, charge, polarity, and hydrophobicity.
What is a peptide bond
A covalent bond connecting amino acids in a polypeptide.
What is the N-terminus
The end of a polypeptide with the free amino group.
What is the C-terminus
The end of a polypeptide with the free carboxyl group.
In what direction are protein sequences written
N-terminus to C-terminus.
What is primary protein structure
The amino acid sequence.
What is secondary protein structure
Local structures such as alpha helices and beta sheets.
What stabilizes secondary protein structure
Hydrogen bonds involving the peptide backbone.
What is tertiary protein structure
The overall three-dimensional shape of one polypeptide.
What interactions stabilize tertiary structure
Interactions involving R groups, including hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions, van der Waals interactions, and sometimes disulfide bonds.
What is quaternary protein structure
The arrangement of multiple polypeptide subunits into one functional protein.
What is denaturation
Disruption of a protein's normal structure and shape.
What can cause protein denaturation
Heat, extreme pH, and abnormal salt concentrations.
Which levels of protein structure are commonly disrupted during denaturation
Secondary, tertiary, and/or quaternary structure.