HIS 109 Final Exam- Summers

Trust-Busting

Any government activity designed to break up trusts or monopolies. Theodore Roosevelt is the U.S. president most associated with dissolving trusts. However, William Howard Taft signed twice as much trust-busting legislation during his presidency.

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for conservatism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulation, the Square-deal, Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War.

Ronald Reagan

believed in tax cuts and less government spending; cut out many welfare and public works programs; used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict; his meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War; responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for WWI leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 post-war plan, League of Nations, won Nobel Peace Prize.

Warren G. Harding

29 president of the U.S. (1921-1923). A republican from Ohio. Promised return to normalcy after WWI used efforts to make no enemies during his presidency. Scandals affected his presidency such as the Ohio Gang that had to the with the financial jobs that he offered his friends.

Calvin Coolidge

30th president (1923-1929), he demonstrated his determination to preserve the old moral and economic precepts of frugality amid the material prosperity which many Americans were enjoying during the 1920s era. First message to Congress in December 1923 called for isolation in foreign policy, and for tax cuts, economy, and limited aid to farmers.

Herbert Hoover

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Often referred to by his initials FDR was the 32nd president of the U.S. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933-1945, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms in office. He was a central figure of the 20th century during the time of worldwide economic crisis and world war.

Harry S. Truman

The 33rd president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who lead the country through the last few months of WWII, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in 1945. After the war, he was crucial in the implication of the Marshall plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.

Ike (Dwight Eisenhower)

Former U.S. General who led the Allied forces in D-Day during WWII who was the Republican candidate for president in the election of 1952 with the slogan "I like Ike." As president, he filled his cabinet with successful corporate executives and was criticised for leaving important decisions to others, although proven untrue. In domestic policies, he described his papeach as "modern Republicanism" and authorized the interstate highway system. His foreign affairs mostly concerned the cold War.

Lyndon B. Johnson

signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. He has a war on poverty in his agenda. In an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the Great Society, the Economic Opportunity Act, and other programs that provided Food Stamps and Welfare to needy families. He also created a department of housing and urban development. His most important legislation was probably Medicare and Medicaid.

Richard M. Nixon

Elected president in 1963 and 1972 representing the Republican party. He was responsible for getting the U.S. out of the Vietnam War by using "Vietnamization," which was the withdraw of 540K troops from South Vietnam for an extended period. He was responsible for the Nixon Doctrine. Was the first president to ever resign, due to the Watergate scandal.

Northern Securities case

1904 Supreme Court refused railway promoter's appeal and ordered the Northern Securities Company to be dissolved, angering big business, enhanced TR's reputation as a trustbuster.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

U.S. Supreme Court decision supporting the legality of Jim Crow laws that permitted or required "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites.

Booker T Washington

A former slave. Encouraged blacks to keep to themselves and focus on the daily tasks of survival, rather than leading a great uprising. Believed that building a strong economic base was more critical at the time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights. He also stated in his famous "Atlanta Compromise" speech in 1895 that blacks has to accept segregation in the short term as they focuses on economic gain to achieve political equality in the future. Served as an important role model for later leader of the civil rights movement.

Lusitania incident

British passenger liner sunk by a German U-boat, May 7, 1915, creating a diplomatic crisis and public outrage at the loss of 128 Americans (roughly 10 percent of the total aboard); Germany agreed to pay reparations, and the United Stated waited two more years to enter WWI.

the Maine

American battleship that blew up in Havana, Cuba, and ultimately started the Spanish-American War of 1989. "To hell with Spain! Remember the Main!"

Zimmerman Telegram

From the German foreign secretary to the German minister in Mexico, February 1917, instructing him to offer to recover Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona for Mexico if it would fight the United States to divert attention from Germany in the event that the United States joined the war.

War Industries Board (WIB) 1917

Controlled raw materials, production, prices, and labor relations, intended to restore economic order.

aka:
-Agency established during WWI
-Increased efficiency & discouraged waste in war-related industries.
-Headed by Bernard Baruch, could order businesses to support war by building more plants, etc.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) 1933

Employed about 3 million men (between 18-25) to work on projects that benefited the public, planting trees to reforest areas, building levees for flood control, and improving national parks, ets. Most popular form of legislation.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Part of the Second New Deal, it provided jobs for millions of unemployed on construction and arts projects. Significant because it carried out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads, and operated large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects.

National Recovery Administration (NRA) 1933

Directed by Hugh John, this agency set up a system of codes of business practice, including giving fair wages and work hours. Business and labor unions who followed such codes would advertise such (symbol: Blue Eagle) and thus gain more membership. Was limited in success. Significant because it reinvented extreme competition, labor management disputes, and over-production federally coordinated consensus of business leaders to regulated businesses (wages, limits, working conditions).

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

New Deal farm agency that attempted to raise prices by paying farmers to reduce their production of crops and animals.

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

Created in 1941 to control wartime inflation and price fixing resulting from shortages of many consumer goods, the OPA imposed wage and price freezes and administered a rationing system. Important because it stopped inflation.

Article X

This is part of the Versailles Treaty morally bound the U.S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external aggression.

Washington Conference (1921-1922)

Included major naval powers in the world, agreed to limit the number and size of battleships that nations could own and banned construction of a new battleship.

5:5:3

Ratio of U.S., English, and Japanese ships proposed by Secretary Hughes at the Washington Disarmament Conference.

Kellogg Briand Pact

Representatives of sixty-two nations in 1928 signed the pact (also called the Pact of Paris) to outlaw war.

cash and carry laws

Policy adopted by the U.S. in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the U.S. if they paid in full and transported them themselves. Significant because it was a neutrality act.

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

Permitted the United States to lend or lease arms and other supplies to the Allies, signifying increasing likelihood of American involvement in WWII. Important because it allowed the Allies to stay relevant in the war until the U.S. entered. Also helped the U.S. economy by giving factories items to produce. The U.S. was trying to maintain their isolation. Under this system, the U.S. loaned and leased war supplies to the allies, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union. The system was quickly dragging the U.S. into the war.

Nisei, Issei

Nisei: Japanese naturalized or native born citizens in the U.S. Issei: First generation Japanese immigrants.

Detroit riot

1943, largest riot in a year in which the U.S. saw eight major riots. 43 people were killed during the violence.

in other words: Outright racial war broke out between Blacks and Whites and the government did not send help.

Marshall Plan

U.S. program for the reconstruction of post-WWII Europe through massive aid to former enemy nations as well as allies; proposed by General George C. Marshall 1947. Significant because Economic recovery act. It rebuilt many cities in Europe but the industries has all new equipment and gave their economy a boost ahead of the U.S.'s and this would lead to some countries becoming democratic and some becoming communist and escalating Cold War tensions.

Truman Doctrine

President Harry S. Truman's program announced in 1947 of aid to European countries- particularly Greece and Turkey- threatened by communism. Significant because it is often considered the start of the Cold War, it demonstrates U.S. support of democracy and fight against communism.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Alliance founded in 1949 by ten western European nations, the United States, and Canada to deter Soviet expansion in Europe. Significant because it provided a defense if the Soviet Union decided to attack western Europe but lead to the Soviets and eastern European countries forming the Warsaw powers and escalating Cold War tensions.

Pleiku

South Vietnam, 1965, Viet Cong attacked on the U.S. base, Lyndon Johnson ordered a bombing of North Vietnam.

In other words: with the 1965 Viet Cong attack on this US airbase, LBJ ordered the bombing of North Vietnam

Giao-Tre

Incident in Rumor of War, Caputo ordered the killing of two Vietnamese men suspected of being Viet Cong. Caputo and another were charged with murder and cover up following incident charges were dropped killing represented failure.

The Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)

also known as the South Vietnamese Army (SVA), where the ground forces of the Republic of Vietnam Military Forces, the armed forces of South Vietnam, which existed from 1955 until Fall of Saigon in 1975.

M16

Rifle started use in the Vietnam War. Designed by Stoner, jungle warfare.

Gulf of Tonkin resolution (1964)

A resolution passed by Congress authorizing the president to take "all necessary measures to repel armed attack" in Vietnam.

Containment

General U.S. strategy in the Cold War that called for containing Soviet expansion; originally devised by U.S. diplomat George F. Kennan.

Escalation

100K U.S. troops in South Vietnam by 1965, and 500K were there by 1967. Quest for victory in Vietnam considered to be vital to national security and prestige, has intensified.

Tet Offensive

Surprise attack by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese during the Vietnamese New Year of 1968; turned American public opinion strongly against the war in Vietnam.

Joseph R. McCarthy

Republican senator who accused hundreds of Democrats as being Communists. His philosophy flourished in the seething Cold War atmosphere of suspicion and fear. Removed from the Senate when he attacked the U.S. Army. Important because he raised awareness and increased the anti-communist crusade. He also started the Red Scare.

Attorney General's list

1947, list drawn up at the request of the U.S. attorney general. Intended to be a compilation of organizations as "subversive" by the U.S. government. Among those were: communists fonts, KKK, and the Nazi Party.

Taft Hartley Act

(1947) Passed over president Harry Truman's veto, the law contained a number of provisions to weaken labor unions, including the banning of closed shops. Important because many southern and western states would pass a right to work law

Significant bc: Authorized states to pass right-to-work laws, prohibiting other forms of union membership contributed to the decline of organized labors share of the nations workforce

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Formed in 1938 to investigate subversives in the government and holders of radical ideas more generally; best-known investigators were of Hollywood notables and of former State Department official Alger Hiss, who was accused in 1948 of espionage and Communist Party membership. Abolished in 1975. This is important because it shows that we have always hated communists.

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy (giving classified documents to the Soviets) and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

The Rosenberg case

Involved Julius and Ethel Rosenberg who were American communists. They were executed for passing nuclear weapons secrets to the USSR. Significant because the first U.S. civilians suffered the death penalty. Anticommunist hysteria; part of the big red scare and fear of immigrants.

Treaty of Versailles

Was created to solve problems made by WWI. Germany was forced to accept the treaty. It was composed of only 4 of the original points made by President Woodrow Wilson. The treaty punished Germany and did nothing to stop the threat of future wars. It maintained the pre-war power structure.

League of Nations

Organization of nations to mediate disputes and avoid war established after WWI as part of the Treaty of Versailles; President Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points" speech to Congress in 1918 proposed the formation of the league which the United States never joined.

Sacco-Vanzetti case

A case held during the 1920s in which two Italian-American anarchists were found guilty and executed for a crime in which there was very little evidence linking them to the particular crime.

company wives

1950. Major corporations would hold schools. Women were programmed by companies to be "good" or "perfect" wives and be a lesser being than their husband. This is significant because they reinforced the gender roles we would typically think of regarding this time period- Women were to serve their men; another example of the conformity era; these classes asked women to conform to this subservient role, not forge ahead with ideas of their own.

Caine Mutiny

Novel about a court-martial on a mine sweeper in the Pacific during WWII.

Edsel

A brand of car that was manufactured by the Ford motor company from 1958-1960. The car never gained popularity with American car buyers and sold poorly. Because of this unpopularity, Ford lost millions of dollars on the development, manufacturing, and marketing of this product. The name "Edsel" became known as failure.

Madison Avenue

The location in New York City that has been the place of many large ad agencies and advertising industries.

Telegraph Avenue

known as the son of Madison Avenue. It was a place of many protests where people could publicly speak their opinion.

Woodstock

3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s, nearly ½M gather into a 600 acre field.

Watergate

Washington office and apartment complex that lent its name to the 1972-1974 scandal of the Nixon administration; when his knowledge of the break-in at the Watergate and subsequent cover-up was revealed, Nixon resigned the presidency under threat of impeachment. Important because it killed the faith that the public had in the government.

Citizens' Councils

American White Supremacy group with about 60K members mostly in the South, known for its opposition to racial segregation, involved protection of "European-American Heritage" from those of other ethnicities. Members used their economic and political power to intimidate African Americans who challenged segregation.

Federal Housing Administration Loans (FHA Loans)

government backed mortgages allowed many to afford homes with low down payments, racial restrictions blacks were denied and moved to urban ghettos.

Salk vaccine

Polio vaccine developed by Jonas Salk and was released in 1955.

Great Society

Term coined by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965 State of the Union address, in which he proposed legislation to address problems of voting rights, poverty, diseases, education, immigration, and the environment.

Domino Theory

A 20th century foreign theory, promoted by the government of the U.S. that speculated if one land in a region came under the influence of Communists, then more would follow in a domino.

in other words: if one country fell under communist influence or control, its neighboring countries would soon follow.
Significance: President Eisenhower cited the domino theory for his support of the French in Vietnam. Support of a non-communist regime in South Vietnam against the communist government of North Vietnam

The Other America

Harrington's book in 1962. Brought attention to the widespread persistence of poverty despite the nation's influence.

Normalcy

Word coined by future president Warren G. Harding as part of a 1920 campaign speech - "not nostrums, but normalcy" - signifying public weariness with Woodrow Wilson's internationalism and domestic reforms.

aka: term coined by Harding, return to the way things were before WWI

Malcolm X

Minister of the Nation of Islam, urged blacks to claim their right by any means necessary, more radical than other civil rights leaders of the time.

in other words: An American activist who advocated separatism and Black Pride. He converted to Islam and joined the Nation of Islam. He was assassinated in Harlem New York.

"golden ghettoes"

high end urban area that is still dysfunctional and jaded.

SALT

a series of negotiations between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R on the issue of nuclear arms reduction. The talks helped lower the total number of missiles each side would have and eased the tension between the two.

Montgomery bus boycott

Sparked by Rosa Park's arrest on December 1st 1955, for refusing to surrender her seat to a white passenger, a successful year-long boycott protesting a segregation on city buses; led by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) 1932

Agency that could lend money to banks, under Hoover.

WIN buttons

"Whip Inflation Now," Ford declared that inflation was the main domestic problem during his presidency (this inflation was caused by the oil crisis, lax (not strict enough) government policies toward corporations, and the complacent business policies like junk bonds, among other things).

Berlin Crisis

The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockage was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift, a year-long mission of flying food and supplies to blockage West Berliners, whom the Soviet Union cut off from access to the West in the first major crisis of the Cold War.

Dienbenphu

1954 battle between France and Viet Minh

Douglas MacArthur

general ordered in by Hoover to break up the bonus army riot.

Levittown

Low-cost, mass produced developments of suburban tract housing built by William Levitt after WWII on Long Island and elsewhere. Important because Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII.

Television

Available since the late 1920's particularly a source of entertainment and news. Replaced the radio over time.

Ranch houses

style of houses with identical frame so that they were able to be mass produced.

Buying on margin

Buying stocks and borrowing money from a banker or broker; if the money was not paid back, the bank would foreclose on possessions; everyday people could buy stock; lead to stock market crash because of over extension.

Bonus army

1932, facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WWI veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched to Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there.

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

U.S. Supreme Court decision that struck down racial segregation in public education and declared "separate but equal" unconstitutional.

Orval Faubus

An Arkansas governor who called the National Guard to prevent 9 black students from entering Little Rock's high school.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964).