chapter 8: stress and health, emotions, and aggression

physiology of the stress response- fast:

_____ activation → _____ _____ secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine → affects _____, digestive, and respiratory systems

called the _____-_____-_____ (SAM) system

SNS, adrenal medulla, cardiovascular, sympatho-adreno-medullary

bilateral damage of the amygdala (is/ is not) associated with an exaggerated fear response.

is not

which of the following is not associated with emotional responses?

ventral tegmental area

physiology of stress response- slow:

_____ releases corticotropin-releasing hormone → _____ _____ gland secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) → _____ _____ secretes glucocorticoids, including cortisol

also called the _____-_____-_____ (HPA) axis

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal

cortisol suppresses _____ _____ cells

natural killer

direct vs indirect effects of stress:

direct- causes someone to be _____

indirect- may influence a person to engage in _____ behaviors

immunocompromised, risky

areas of the brain affected by cortisol- prefrontal cortex:

_____ and altered connections

difficulty _____ thoughts, emotions, and behavior

fewer, regulating

areas of the brain affected by cortisol- amygdala:

(decreased/increased) volume when affected

_____ stress response

increased, hyperreactive

areas of the brain affected by cortisol- hippocampus:

inhibited _____ (smaller volume)

difficulty with _____, _____ new situations and information, and _____ new learning

neurogenesis, memory, contextualizing, storing

7 basic emotions:

happiness, surprise, contempt, sadness, fear, disgust, anger

the james-lang theory states that _____ experience results from _____ experience

emotional, physical

the cognitive (schacter-singer) theory states that the emotional response is based on _____ of a situation and perceived _____

assessment, intensity

mirror neurons fire both when _____ in a specific act and while _____ the same act in others

engaged, observing

brain structures involved in emotional processing- amygdala:

feeling and _____ emotions

shows preferential response for _____ and especially fear and aggression

medial part determines _____ of situation

perceiving, pleasure, safety

the study of the woman with urbach-weithe syndrome revealed that the amygdala responds to (internal/external) stimuli

external

brain structures involved in emotional processing- _____ cortex:

ability to make rational _____ (pros and cons)

damage is associated with _____

prefrontal, judgement, aggression

brain structures involved in emotional processing- insula and anterior cingulate cortex:

together provide _____ _____ of emotions

insula monitors _____ conditions and subjective feelings

ACC monitors attention, decision making, and _____ control

conscious awareness, internal, impulse

aggression is a forceful or _____ behavior intended to harm or _____ another

assertive, control

aggression- proactive:

also known as instrumental or _____

arousal level is (low/high)

(negative/positive) outcome for obtaining something

most popular among _____ populations

manipulative, low, positive, delinquent

aggression- reactive:

also known as _____

arousal level is (low/high)

(negative/positive) outcome from fear of losing something

most popular among _____ populations

impulsive, high, negative, clinical

aggression- brain’s role in aggression:
_____ the amygdala can increase anger
_____ the amygdala can decrease anger

stimulating, lesioning

the primary instigator of aggression is the _____ because of its direct communication with the pituitary gland’s release of _____

hypothalamus, testosterone

aggression and hormones:

_____- significant global effects in the brain and on behavior

_____- lower levels linked to impulsive levels of aggression

_____- inhibitory to aggression

testosterone, serotonin, cortisol